capitulation of Limerick a few months later, he sailed for France with a large body of Irish troops, and entered the service of Louis, by whom he was highly esteemed. He distinguished himself at the bloody battle of Steinkirk (July, 1692), and was mortally wounded at Landen in the following year.—J. T.
SARTI, Giuseppe, a musician, was born at Faenza in 1730. The school in which he acquired the rudiments of musical science, and the masters under whom he studied its higher branches, are alike unrecorded. In 1756 he held the situation of court chapel-master and music-master to the royal family in Copenhagen. We next encounter him at Venice, where he was appointed chapel-master of the Conservatory della Pietà, and soon rose to so high an estimation amongst his countrymen, that he is said to have been unable to compose with sufficient rapidity to answer the demands of the Impresarii, who were vieing with each other in endeavouring to secure the services of the Maestro divino, as Sarti was then called by the enthusiastic Italians. Yet of his compositions of that period not even the titles are now known. In 1781, however, we find that he wrote a comic opera, "La Giardiniera brillante," for the court of Dresden; and the best known of all his operas, "Giulio Sabino," for the theatre of San Benedetto at Venice. In the following year he was elected chapel-master of the Duomo at Milan. His popularity now reached St. Petersburg, and the celebrated Catherine, the empress, determined to secure his talents, offered him the post of imperial chapel-master. Sarti accepted the appointment, and in 1785 made his debut as a composer in the Russian metropolis by a concert spirituel on Good Friday, in which he introduced some of the Russian psalms, sung by a chorus of sixty voices, and accompanied by a band of one hundred Russian horns in addition to the usual orchestra. Still, however, this concert was not noisy enough to please the Russians; so that shortly after, on the occasion of the taking of Okrakow, he produced a Te Deum, in which he introduced real firing of cannon—the guns being placed in the court of the castle, and discharged with great precision in the appointed passages of the music. After the representation of "Armida," in 1786, the empress presented Sarti with a gold snuff-box and diamond ring, and appointed him director of the conservatory of music at Catharinensaf, with a salary of thirty-five thousand rubles, besides his lodgings and a purse of fifteen thousand rubles as an indemnity for his travelling expenses. She also conferred on him a title of nobility. After a residence of eighteen years in Russia, and receiving various additional favours from the court and nobility, he was permitted by the Emperor Alexander in 1801, on account of his health, to retire, with the continuance of his pension, to a warmer climate. He then went to Berlin; but his constitution was so broken up, that he died in that city in the following year, 1802. It is interesting to know that Cherubini passed nearly four years under this admirable master; and doubtless it is to his talents and instructions that the former stands indebted for the profound knowledge which he acquired in counterpoint and in the ideal style, as well as for that perfection of talent which has raised him to such eminence in the art, and entitled him to rank among the most learned and able composers. So devoted was Sarti to the improvement of his favourite pupil that, though overwhelmed with occupations, he always contrived to find time for the exercise of his talents; and so rapid was Cherubini's progress, that he was intrusted with the composition of the secondary parts of his master's operas. The scores of Sarti contain a great number of pieces which were thus composed for him by Cherubini.—E. F. R.
SARTO, Andrea del, the common name of Andrea Vannucchi, so called from the occupation of his father, a tailor. Andrea was born at Florence in 1488, and first studied under Piero di Cosimo; he afterwards became an imitator of Michelangelo. In 1518 he visited France on the invitation of Francis I., who intrusted him with some money to purchase works of art for him. Andrea returned to Italy in 1519, but there squandered the money, and was ashamed to return to France. He died at Florence of the plague in 1530, aged only forty-two. His chief works are the frescoes of the Annunziata at Florence; and he is well known out of Italy for his Holy Families. He was altogether one of the best of the cinquecento painters, and has been called by his countrymen Andrea Senza Errori (Faultless Andrew); that is, with reference to his style as a painter.—(Vasari, Vite, &c.)—R. N. W.
SASSI or SAXI, Giuseppe Antonio, in Latin SAXIUS, born in Milan, 1673 or 1675; died about the middle of the eighteenth century. Having taken holy orders, he at one time laboured in the missionary field, and afterwards filled honourable posts in the Milanese Ambrosian college. As author and editor he has left various works, amongst them one, "De Studiis Mediolanensium Antiquis et Novis," and a life of S. John Nepomucene.—C. G. R.
SASSOFERRATO, the name, derived from his birthplace, by which Giovanni Battista Salvi is commonly known. He was born at Sassoferrato in 1605, and died at Rome in 1685. He was a follower of the Carracci, and is distinguished for the elaborate finish of his pictures.—R. N. W.
SAUMAISE, Claude. See Salmasius.
SAUMAREZ or SAUSMAREZ, James, Baron de, a distinguished naval officer, was born in the island of Guernsey in 1757, and was descended from an ancient family of Norman extraction, which had long held an influential position in the Channel islands. At the age of thirteen he entered the navy as a midshipman, and was raised to the rank of lieutenant for his bravery at the attack on Charleston in 1775. He served for several years in America under Lord Cornwallis. On his return to Europe he joined the squadron under Sir Hyde Parker, and was promoted to the rank of commander for his gallant services in the battle with the Dutch off the Dogger Bank, 5th August, 1781. He was next placed under Admiral Kempenfeldt on the Jamaica station. He exchanged into the Russell, a ship of the l ine, which he commanded with great distinction on the memorable battle of the 12th of April, 1782. After spending some years in retirement, on the breaking out of the French war in 1793 Captain Saumarez was appointed to the command of the Crescent frigate, in which he captured off Cherbourg the French frigate La Réunion with heavier metal and a much more numerous crew, an exploit for which he received the honour of knighthood. In 1795 he was appointed to the Orion of seventy-four guns, in which he fought under Lord Bridport in the battle of June 23. He took a prominent part in the famous engagement with the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent in 1797, and on the following year was second in command at the battle of the Nile, in which he was wounded. Shortly after his return to England, Sir James was appointed a colonel of marines, and received the command of the Cæsar, 84 guns, with orders to watch the French fleet in Brest during the winters of 1799 and 1800—a service which he performed with remarkable vigilance and efficiency. In 1801 he was created a baronet, was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral of the blue, and was appointed to the command of a small squadron to watch the movements of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. In the month of July he attacked three French ships of the line and a frigate, lying moored in the bay of Algesiras under the protection of five batteries. But one of his ships took the ground and was captured; and after a long and sanguinary engagement Sir James was obliged to repair to Gibraltar to refit. Six days later, however, he attacked a French and Spanish fleet of ten ships of the line and four frigates which were steering for Algesiras; and though his force was only one half the strength of theirs, he gained a signal victory, the enemy having lost three ships of the line and three thousand men. For this gallant exploit, which Nelson highly eulogized, he was rewarded with the order of the bath, the freedom of the city of London, and the thanks of parliament. On the breaking out of the war with Russia, Sir James was intrusted with the command of the Baltic fleet, and displayed great diplomatic talent as well as professional skill in that important post. In 1821 he was made vice-admiral of Great Britain, and struck his flag for the last time in 1827. He was raised to the peerage as Baron de Saumarez in 1831, and died in 1836.—(Memoirs of Admiral Lord de Saumarez, by Sir John Ross, 2 vols., 1838 )—J. T.
SAUNDERS, Sir Edmund, the chief-justice of the king's bench whom Charles II. appointed in January, 1683, for the purpose of depriving the corporation of the city of London of their chartered privileges, was born in the parish of Barnwood, near Gloucester. Nothing more is known of him till he was found a penniless outcast traversing the streets of London and earning scraps of food by running errands for the attorneys' clerks in Clement's inn, one of whom good-naturedly had a board fixed at a window on the top of a staircase, where the ragged boy learned to write and engross, and to become in process of time an expert entering-clerk. His quick wit and the study of such law books as he could get, made him ere long a very shrewd adviser in cases of law, and he was persuaded to enter himself as a member of the Middle temple in 1660. He
