1381; was expelled from Verona by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan, in 1387, and died in 1388, thus bringing to a close the dynasty of Della Scala.—C. G. R.
SCALIGER, Josephus Justus, the son and fourteenth child of Julius Cæsar Scaliger, was born at Agen in France in 1540. Inferior to his father in genius, he surpassed him in erudition, and advocated with greater, though with equally unsuccessful vehemence, the title of his family to take rank as the heirs of the princes of Verona. At the age of eleven he was sent to the college of Bordeaux, where he studied for three years. But the plague having broken out at Bordeaux he was recalled home by his father, who from this time superintended his studies himself. He was made to transcribe the finest passages of ancient authors, and to compose a Latin essay or declamation every day on some historical subject. On the death of his father in 1558 the younger Scaliger went to Paris to study Greek under Turnebus. Turnebus, though a learned man, was a tedious teacher: he advanced too slowly to suit the long and rapid strides in scholarship which his pupil was prepared to take. Scaliger accordingly proceeded to study in his own way. He read Homer through in twenty-one days, making a grammar for himself as he went along. In two years he had read carefully all the Greek and Roman classics. He then mastered Hebrew, Arabic, Syrian, Persian, and most of the European languages. He could speak thirteen tongues, ancient and modern—was a thorough proficient in history and chronology, and by universal consent was acknowledged as the most eminent scholar of his day. In 1563 he became tutor in the family of Louis de la Roche-Pozay, afterwards ambassador at Rome, in whose residence near Tours many of his works were composed. He went to Rome in the suite of the ambassador, who treated him with great liberality—enabling him to study with advantage the antiquities of Rome, and providing him with the means of visiting the universities of France and Germany. He extended his travels into Scotland, where he formed no very favourable opinion of the morals of Queen Mary, then in the heyday of her beauty. In the "Scaligerana" the curious remark is recorded, that the court physician was at that time the only physician in Scotland. When at Lausanne he heard of the massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572), and betook himself for safety to Geneva, where he was offered a professorial chair, which he declined. It is said, however, that at a later period, in 1578, he lectured on philosophy at Geneva. He then settled for some years at Preuilly—a delightful retirement for a studious man, in one of the midland provinces of France. In 1591 he was invited by the university of Leyden to fill the chair of the distinguished Lipsius. He delayed his migration for some time, in the hope that King Henry IV. would oppose the departure of the most learned man in his dominions. But as the French king expressed no desire to retain him, he set out for Holland, and arrived at Leyden in 1593. Here his position was a very enviable one, if he could have kept off the unprofitable subject of his genealogy. In literary repute he stood on a par with, if not above, such names as those of Lipsius, Casaubon, Grotius, Heinsius, and other scholars, who formed a group of which he was the central figure, and with most of whom he lived on terms of intimacy. But a controversy about his pedigree ("De vetustate et splendore gentis Scaligeranæ"), in which he got involved with Scioppius, embittered his latter days, and may have somewhat diminished the respect in which his high character and marvellous attainments were otherwise universally held. He never was married, and died in 1609. Some particulars of the lives of both the Scaligers and a complete list of their works are contained in Bates' Theatrum virorum aliquot Doctrinâ, Dignitate, aut Pietate Illustrium.—J. F. F.
SCALIGER, Julius Cæsar, was one of the ablest of those energetic but unsettled spirits, who during the fifteenth century were at once the effect and the cause of the revival of letters in Italy. The story of his life has been told in two different ways. By his own and his son's account, he was descended from the Scaligeri, the ancient princes of Verona, and was born in 1484, in the castle di Riva, on the banks of the lake di Garda. His father, by this account, was a renowned captain in the service of Matthias, king of Hungary; his mother was Berenice Ladronica, a noble lady, the daughter of Count Paris. Soon after his birth the castle di Riva was besieged and laid waste by the Venetians, the inveterate enemies of his race, who were bent on exterminating the last remnants of the sovereign house of Verona. The mother and her infant escaped with difficulty with their lives. At the age of twelve (so the story runs) Scaliger was presented to the Emperor Maximilian, and educated as a page at the German court in a manner befitting his illustrious ancestry. He afterwards served with distinction in the Italian wars, and was present at the battle of Ravenna, where his father and brother were slain before his eyes. He carried their remains to Ferrara, where they were buried, and where his mother died. Here a pension was settled on him by his relative the duke of Ferrara; but nothing would satisfy his ambition except the recovery of what he conceived to be his rightful inheritance. How he designed to compass this end is thus related by his son:—"That which rendered my father so learned in logic and scholastic theology, was the design he had formed of being made pope, in order that he might have the means of waging war on the Venetians, and of wresting from their grasp the principality of Verona. He meant, first, to be a monk, then he hoped to be made a cardinal, and from that to step into the papacy. Hence he applied himself diligently to the study of the works of Scotus. But he abandoned his design on account of something which he observed in the conduct of the monks, and which disgusted him so much that he resolved never more to hold any communication with their order." According to another, and probably a truer narrative, Scaliger was the son of Benedict Bordoni, a miniature painter and geographer of Padua. Here he was born and baptized Julius Bordoni. He was educated at the university of his native town. He studied medicine and practised it with so much success that he received an invitation from Antoine de la Rovere, bishop of Agen, a town in France, to take up his residence in his diocese, and under his patronage. Scaliger accepted the invitation, repaired to Agen in 1525, and was naturalized as a Frenchman under the name of Jules Cèsar de Lescalle de Bordoni. In his letters of naturalization no mention is made of his descent from the princes of Verona; and this omission, taken with other circumstances, has been held by the best authorities as a sufficient disproof of his claim. At Agen Scaliger applied himself to the study of languages and general literature on a scale the most extensive and profound, and composed works which, although their fashion has passed away, stamped him as the most powerful intellect of his time. Here too he married in 1528 a young lady of sixteen, who bore him fifteen children, and with whom, in spite of the disparity of their ages, he lived happily for twenty-nine years. He died in 1558, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. He is described as a man of commanding presence, and his son says that you had but to look in his face to see that he was the descendant of princes—an easy ground whereon to found a title to nobility, but one which the heralds' office could scarcely be expected to recognize. Scaliger's opinion of himself was not less exalted. "Try," he wrote to one of his friends, "Try to unite into one portrait the figures of Massinissa, of Xenophon, and of Plato, and you will obtain an imperfect representation of me." His manners were haughty, and he was very impatient of contradiction, but withal so charitable and benevolent, that his house presented the appearance of a hospital. The works which furnish the best evidence of his learning and acuteness, and by which he is best known to posterity—although even they are not much consulted—are his "Poetices Libri Septem," and his "Exercitationes de Subtilitate ad Hieronymum Cardanum."—J. F. F.
SCAMOZZI, Vincenzo, an eminent Italian architect, was born at Vicenza in 1552. He learnt architecture of his father, but formed his style from studying the works of Sansovino and Palladio at Venice, to which city he went when about seventeen. He seems to have found employment there very early, since he is said to have been already known as an architect when, at the age of twenty-two, he wrote a work on theatres and scene-painting. He afterwards visited Rome and Naples in order to study the ancient remains in those cities. Returning to Venice he was employed to complete the public library of Sansovino; he also built, in extension of that architect's design, the south side of the piazza of St. Mark. His other works in Venice were the church of S. Nicolo, and SS. Simone e Guida, as well as several mansions. In Vicenza he built the Pretorio palace, and completed the Teatro Olimpico of Palladio; and he built a similar theatre at Sabbionetta for the Duke Vespaziano Gonzaga. He also built the Roberto Strozzi palace at Florence; villas at Padua, Lonigo, Monselice, Villaverla, &c.; besides several churches and chapels. In 1600 Scamozzi accompanied the deputation sent by the Venetian republic to congratulate Sigis-
