doctor of the Moslem law, was born at Yezd in Persia. His great work, a history of Tamerlane, entitled "Zuffer Nameh," or "Book of Victories," was completed in 1424. A loose translation into French was published at Paris in 1722.—D. W. R.
SHERLOCK, Richard, born in 1613, at Oxton in Wirral, in the county of Chester, was educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, and Trinity college, Dublin. After holding various preferments in Ireland and England, he obtained from the earl of Derby the rich benefice of Winwick. He wrote against the quakers, but his chief work is his "Practical Christian." He died on the 20th of June, 1689.—D. W. R.
SHERLOCK, Thomas, a distinguished prelate, was born in London in 1678, and was son of Dean Sherlock. He was educated at Eton and Catherine hall, Cambridge, of which college he was elected a fellow. In 1704 he succeeded his father as master of the Temple; and some years afterwards he was elected master of Catherine hall, and in 1714 was vice-chancellor of the university. His political leanings were suspected at the accession of George I., but he speedily gave in his adhesion to the reigning family, and in November, 1715, was made dean of Chichester. The Bangorian controversy broke out, and Sherlock took so decided and violent a part against Hoadley, and in defence of the test and corporation acts, that he and Snape were in 1717 erased from the list of royal chaplains. In the discussions on the evidences of Christianity which the scepticism of the time called out, Sherlock took a more distinguished and popular part. His "Trial of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus" is a masterly reply to the objections of Woolston. Its peculiar arrangement in the shape of a formal trial detracts from its solemnity, and does not add to its power, though it may have increased its popularity. In 1727 he published "Discourses on the Use and Intent of Prophecy," in reply to Anthony Collins. This treatise brought him into conflict with Conyers Middleton, but the animadversions of the latter had little effect on the popularity and usefulness of the work. In 1727 Sherlock became bishop of Bangor, and was translated to the see of Salisbury in 1734. In 1747, on the death of Archbishop Potter, he was offered the archbishopric of Canterbury, but he declined the honour, ostensibly on account of his health. In the following year, however, he accepted the diocese of London; and in 1753 he resigned the mastership of the Temple, after having held it for half a century. After this he prepared some volumes of sermons for the press, which have been highly prized for their quiet and earnest eloquence. On occasion of the earthquake in 1750 he published a pastoral address, of which one hundred thousand copies were immediately sold. Bishop Sherlock died at Fulham, July 18, 1761, worth £150,000. His works were published in five volumes by Hughes, London, 1830.—J. E
SHERLOCK, William, father of the preceding, was born at Southwark in 1641. He studied at Eton, and afterwards at Peterhouse, Cambridge, becoming D.D. in 1680. He was presented at an early period of his life to the rectory of St. George, Botolph Lane, London. In 1681 he was preferred to the prebend of St. Pancras in St. Paul's, and in 1684 was appointed master of the Temple, as a reward for his strong opposition to whigs and dissenters. But he could not conceal his hatred of popery, and broke the royal prohibition to preach against it, so that his pension was stopped and himself reprimanded. In 1688 he took part with the London clergy in their refusal to read the second declaration of indulgence. At the Revolution Dr. Sherlock proposed that James should be brought back on certain conditions; but this compromise, though that of a large section of the clergy and country gentlemen, could not be consistently or safely carried out. He refused to take the oaths after the Revolution, and was therefore suspended. But the reading of Bishop Overall's treatise induced him to comply and submit to the new government. (See Overall.) He took the oaths, published a pamphlet in self-vindication, and was made dean of St. Paul's. The idol of the nonjurors became the object of intense indignation and ridicule. Sherlock died in 1707. His pamphlets against popery are numerous; and during his exclusion from his pulpit he wrote his famous "Discourses on Death and Judgment." One of Dean Sherlock's principal controversies was occasioned by his "Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity," published in 1690, which Drs. South and Wallis reproached with tritheism, and his theory was publicly censured by the university of Oxford. He wrote various other pieces which have fallen into oblivion.—J. E.
SHERWIN, John Keyse, an English engraver, born in 1751 in Sussex, of very poor parents. Originally a woodcutter, he went up to London, studied the arts of designing and engraving, and ultimately succeeded the celebrated Woollett as engraver to the king. It is pity such an excellent artist should have shortened his days by his dissipated habits. He died in 1790.
SHERWOOD, Mary Martha, authoress of "The Lady of the Maynor," and other tales, born in 1775; died in 1851. She married Henry Sherwood, and accompanied him to India, where her pious labours obtained her the friendship of Henry Martyn. She is a very pleasing and popular writer.
SHIELD, William, a musician, was born at Smalwell, Durham, in or about the year 1749. Losing his father (a teacher of singing) early, he was apprenticed to a boat-builder at Shields, but gave his leisure hours to music and the study of the violin. When his term had expired, he determined to devote himself wholly to his favourite art, and soon became able to lead the Newcastle concerts. In this situation his talents introduced him to the notice of the celebrated Avison, author of the Essay on Musical Expression, who gave him instructions in the theory of composition, the benefit of which was soon manifested in an anthem composed by him, and performed at the consecration of the new church at Sunderland. This at once stamped him as a man of genius; the dignitaries of Durham cathedral invited him to their tables, and his reputation was made. He now undertook the management of the concerts at Scarborough, then a fashionable place of resort; and becoming acquainted with some of the leading performers of the King's theatre, was persuaded to accept an engagement in the orchestra of the Italian opera house, and there filled the situation of principal viola nearly twenty years. He first appeared as a dramatic composer in 1778, when he set the Flitch of Bacon, written by the Rev. Mr. Bate, afterwards Sir Henry Bate Dudley, Bart. This led to his being appointed composer to, and musical manager of, Covent Garden theatre, which responsible office he long filled. He produced most of his operas whilst he held it. In 1761 he made a tour through Italy with his friend Joseph Ritson, the literary antiquary, but renewed his engagement at Covent Garden the following year. He now published his "Introduction to Harmony," a second edition of which, with an additional volume on "Thorough-Bass," appeared in 1819. On the death of Sir William Parsons in 1817, the prince regent, unsolicited, appointed Mr. Shield to succeed him as master of his majesty's band. He was also one of the original members of the Philharmonic Society, though he never took any very active interest in its concerns. This elegant composer, and most excellent man, died in 1829. His remains were deposited in the cloisters of Westminster abbey. While sweet music, such as that in "The Poor Soldier," "Rosina," "Robin Hood," "The Woodman," "The Farmer," &c., &c., shall be appreciated—so long as airs having the merit of "The Thorn," "The Heaving of the Lead," "O bring me Wine," and "Down the Bourne and thro' the Mead," shall be listened to—the name of Shield will never be forgotten.—E. F. R.
SHIPLEY, Jonathan, a learned English prelate, was born in 1714, and educated at Oxford. After various preferments he was made bishop of St. Asaph in 1766, and died in 1788. He was the author of some poems and sermons, and might have obtained higher rank as an ecclesiastic if he had not opposed the measures which brought on the American revolution.—F.
SHIPLEY, William, the founder of the Society of Arts, kept for many years a "drawing-school" in the Strand, in which several artists of note received their early training. Shipley was brother of Dr. Shipley, bishop of St. Asaph. He was an artist, but is now only known in connection with his school and with the important society of which he was the founder. The scheme appears to have been entirely his own, and he laboured for years before he could get it listened to. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, was at length formally established in 1753, and William Shipley was the first secretary. To his exertions may probably be ascribed in a great measure the prominent part which the fine arts played in the early proceedings of the society. The first exhibition of the works of English artists was held in their great room, April 21, 1760—the Royal Academy, it will be recollected, was not founded till 1768. To Shipley a gold medal was awarded in 1758 as a testimony to "his public spirit which gave rise to the society," and his portrait was prefixed to the fourth volume of the Society's Transactions. Shipley, in
