Wigton was sent in 1420 with seven thousand men to the assistance of Charles the dauphin (afterwards Charles VII. of France), in his desperate struggles with the English. Sir John, who was appointed constable of the Scottish army in France, took a prominent part in the famous battle of Beaugè, 22nd March, 1421, which was gained mainly by the valour of the Scottish auxiliaries, and was rewarded with a grant of the lands of Aubigny and Concressault. He was wounded, lost an eye, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Crevant in 1423, which proved peculiarly fatal to the Scottish forces. In 1426 Charles made him a grant of the county of Evreux in Normandy, and permitted him and his descendants to quarter the royal arms of France. The count was sent ambassador to Scotland in 1428, to negotiate a marriage between the dauphin (afterwards Louis XI.), and Margaret, eldest daughter of James I. After his return to France, this gallant soldier was killed along with his brother at the siege of Orleans in 1429. His third son, John, succeeded him in his French titles and estates, and was the father of Bernard or Beraud Stewart, a renowned warrior who held many most important offices, and had the highest honours heaped upon him by Charles VII. and Louis XII. He commanded the French auxiliaries sent to the assistance of the earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry VII.), and was present at the battle of Bosworth. He was employed by Charles VIII. to conduct negotiations with several of the princes of Italy, and with the pope, and to urge the claims of the French king to the kingdom of Naples. When Charles had recourse to arms in support of his pretensions, he appointed Bernard Stewart to the command of the French forces; and though opposed to Gonsalvo de Cordova, one of the greatest captains of the age, he gained a signal victory near Monteleone in 1495. When Louis XII., successor of Charles, was about to undertake the conquest of the Milanese, he appointed Aubigny to an important command, and in 1502 nominated him lieutenant-general of the French army in Italy. He made several important conquests, reduced the city of Naples, and was invested by Louis with the high dignities of viceroy of Naples and constable of Sicily, besides receiving the marquisates of Giraci and Squillazo, and the county of Acri. But in 1503 he met with a serious reverse, and was besieged in Angotello and made prisoner. After his release he was sent ambassador from Louis to James IV. of Scotland, his second embassy to his native land, where he was welcomed with the highest honours, and addressed by the title of "father of war." But the veteran warrior and statesman came only to lay his bones in the land of his ancestors, for soon after his arrival he died at Corstorphine, near Edinburgh, June, 1508. His only child Anne married his nephew, Robert Stewart, who succeeded him in his lordship of Aubigny, and in the command of the famous Scottish archer guard. Like his illustrious father-in-law he acquired a high military reputation, and performed many gallant deeds and successful enterprises, which have been fully recorded by the French and Italian historians. He was created a marshal of France in 1515 at a time when there were only four marshals in that kingdom, was ambassador to Scotland in 1521, and was rewarded for his services by large grants of estates in Normandy. Robert Stewart died in 1543. The lordship of Aubigny, and the important office of captain of the Scottish guard, descended to John Stewart, third son of the third earl of Lennox, who fell at the battle of Linlithgow in 1526. John's elder brother was the father of Lord Darnley, husband of Queen Mary of Scotland,—(See Richmond and Lennox.) John, Lord Aubigny, was succeeded by his son, Esme Stewart, the well-known favourite of James VI., who invited him over to Scotland in 1579, created him earl, and subsequently duke of Lennox, appointed him high chamberlain of Scotland, made him extensive grants of estates, and for a time committed the affairs of the country entirely into his hands. When the king fell into the power of the Ruthven lords in 1582, they compelled him to banish Lennox from the country. Shortly after his arrival in France, the fatigue of the journey and distress of mind threw him into a fever, of which he died in May, 1583. As the duke was the earliest and best beloved, so he was the best of all James' favourites. The lordship of Aubigny remained in the possession of his descendants until the death of the sixth duke without issue in 1672, and the whole of the male line of the first Lord Aubigny terminated in Cardinal York.
A powerful branch of the royal Stewarts were Earls of Buchan. The first of them, who was a renowned warrior, held the high office of constable of France, and fell at the battle of Verneuil in 1424. A son of the second earl founded the Traquair fine, which became extinct in 1762. Sir John Stewart, first earl of Traquair, was one of the most powerful noblemen in the kingdom, and was appointed by Charles I. high treasurer of Scotland. He fought on the royal side in the great civil war, was taken prisoner at the battle of Preston in 1648, was kept four years in confinement, and reduced to such extreme poverty that he was compelled to beg his bread. Clarendon says "this earl was without doubt not inferior to any in the Scottish nation in wisdom and dexterity." He died in 1659.—J. T.
STEWART, David, Major-general, was the second son of Robert Stewart, Esq., of Garth, and was born in 1772. In his seventeenth year he obtained a commission as ensign in the 42nd regiment, and served under the duke of York in Flanders, in the West Indies under Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1796, and in the expedition against Minorca. He was afterwards taken prisoner at sea by the Spaniards, but he was exchanged after a captivity of five months. Having attained the rank of captain, he accompanied Sir Ralph Abercromby in his expedition to Egypt in 1801; acquired great distinction by the brilliant courage which he displayed; and was severely wounded in the battle of Aboukir. He took part in the descent on Calabria in 1806, and was again severely wounded at the battle of Maida. Two years later he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel; but in consequence of the effect of his wounds and hard service on his health, he was obliged to retire on half pay. He employed his leisure in the composition of his very valuable and popular work on the Highlanders, which appeared in 1822, in 2 vols. 8vo, under the title of "Sketches of the Character, Manners, and Present State of the Highlands of Scotland," &c. General Stewart soon after succeeded to his paternal estate of Garth, was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1825, and appointed governor of St. Lucia. He died of fever in that island on the 18th of December, 1829.—J. T.
STEWART, Dugald, an eminent Scottish philosopher and professor of moral philosophy in the university of Edinburgh, was born on the 22nd November, 1753, in the college of Edinburgh, in which his father. Dr. Matthew Stewart, was professor of mathematics. His mother was the only daughter of Archibald Stewart of Catrine in Ayrshire. His early years were spent in Edinburgh during the session of college, and in Ayrshire, where the family removed in summer. He was a pupil of the high school of Edinburgh from 1761 until 1769, and during the last years of his attendance he was under the care of the eminent Alexander Adam. He carried from school a reputation for classical scholarship, which harmonizes well with the delicate taste and love for literary beauty for which he was distinguished in later years, when he recommended abstract philosophy "in soft and transparent diction." From the high school Stewart passed to the university of Edinburgh, which he attended in 1765-66 and the three following sessions. The chairs in the literary and philosophical classes of the Edinburgh university were then occupied by useful teachers, if not illustrated by the genius and original power for which they were afterwards, and indeed had previously been, distinguished. The three Gregorys and Maclaurin, by whom the Newtonian philosophy had been made current, had passed away; and the Robisons, Playfairs, Leslies, Browns, and Stewart himself, were yet to come. But Adam Fergusson, the historian of the Roman republic, was then Stewart's own predecessor in the chair of morals, and Blair had commenced the delivery of those elegant disquisitions in the chair of rhetoric, by which he purified Scottish taste and literature. Not less, perhaps, than to either of these more distinguished persons was Stewart indebted to the unobtrusive labours of Stevenson, then approaching the close of his long term of forty-five years in the chair of logic and metaphysics, by whom the doctrines of Locke were introduced into Scottish academical teaching, while in his old age he appreciated the modifications of those doctrines then introduced by Thomas Reid at Glasgow. The fame of Reid, among other inducements, carried Stewart to Glasgow, where he studied for at least one session, in 1771-72, boarded in the same house with Archibald Alison. While attending the lectures in the Glasgow class of moral philosophy, he became animated by their spirit, which he was himself destined in after years to diffuse over Europe. The essay on "Dreaming," preserved in the appendix to the "Elements," was written during this term of attendance on Reid's
