Descriptive Catalogue of a Collection of Pictures and Drawings, collected in Italy;" a "History of the Progress of Engineering" (unpublished); and "An Inquiry into the Rise and Establishment of the Royal Academy," 8vo, 1775.—J. T—e.
* STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, Stratford Canning, first viscount, was born in 1788, the fourth son of the late Mr. Stratford Canning, a London merchant, who was the uncle of the celebrated George Canning. Educated at Eton and King's college, Cambridge, he was appointed a précis-writer in the foreign office in 1807, the year in which his cousin became secretary for foreign affairs. Having acted as secretary in missions to Sweden and Turkey in 1809, Mr. Stratford Canning was appointed secretary of legation at Constantinople, where he remained from 1810 to 1812, when the treaty of Bucharest closed the war between Turkey and Russia. In 1814 he was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in Switzerland, where he aided in the negotiation of the Federal pact. In 1820 he was sent as minister to Washington, and in 1823 was made plenipotentiary in London, to negotiate with the United States a settlement of the questions left open by the treaty of Ghent. In 1824, the insurrection in Greece gaining strength, he was sent on a special mission to St. Petersburg to discuss the Hellenic question. Ambassador at Constantinople from 1825 to 1829, he represented the wishes and feelings of England with regard to the independence of Greece, and for his share in the complicated negotiations, preceding the recognition by Turkey of the new kingdom, he was made a G.C.B. in 1829. In 1831 he was again sent ambassador on a special mission to Turkey, to arrange the details of the territorial limits to be assigned to the kingdom of Greece. In 1832 he visited Madrid on a special mission. Before the reform bill he had represented Old Sarum and Stockbridge successively in the house of commons, and from the beginning of 1835 to that of 1842, he sat for King's Lynn. In October, 1841, he was once more appointed ambassador to Constantinople, a post which he retained until March, 1858, during a most critical period in the history of Turkey. It was the policy of Sir Stratford Canning at once to support Turkey in her efforts of resistance to the dictation of other foreign powers, and to improve her internal condition by exerting the influence of England on behalf of feasible reforms, political, religious, legal, commercial, and educational. He visited England in 1852, and it is understood, received and declined an offer of the seals of the foreign office made by Lord Derby, from whom, however, he accepted a peerage. The representations of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe had of course great influence in determining the policy which led to the declaration of war by England against Russia in 1854. During the war, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe remained at his post, resigning in March, 1858, his long ambassadorship at Constantinople. Since his return to England, he has frequently addressed the house of peers on the Eastern question. Lord Stratford has been twice married. His first wife was the youngest daughter of Mr. Thomas Raikes, governor of the Bank of England; his second, married in 1825, was the eldest daughter of James Alexander, Esq., of Summer Hill, Tunbridge, and grand-niece of the first earl of Caledon.—F. E.
STRATFORD, Nicholas, a learned English prelate, was born at Hemel-Hempstead, Hertfordshire, in 1633, and was educated at Trinity college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1656. After entering into holy orders he was made warden of Manchester college; in 1670, he became prebendary of Leicester, St. Margaret, Lincoln; in 1673 he was appointed dean of St. Asaph, took the degree of D.D., and was named chaplain-in-ordinary to his majesty. In 1683 he became rector of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, London, and in the following year resigned the wardenship of Manchester college. In 1689 he rose to the bishopric of Chester, the duties of which he ably discharged for eighteen years. He was the author of several works against popery, among which were—"A Discourse Concerning the Necessity of Reformation;" "A Discourse on the Pope's Supremacy;" "The People's Right to read the Holy Scriptures Asserted;" "The Lay Christian's Obligation to read the Holy Scriptures;" "An Examination of Bellarmine's Fourteenth Note concerning the unhappy end of the Church's Enemies," &c. Bishop Stratford was one of the earliest promoters of the societies established in the beginning of the eighteenth century for the reformation of manners. He died February 12, 1707.—F.
STRATICO, Simone, Count, a Dalmatian mathematician and engineer, was born at Zara in Dalmatia in 1733, and died at Milan on the 16th of July, 1824. He was bred to the medical profession, which he quitted to become professor of mathematics in the university of Padua. In 1801 he became professor of navigation at the university of Pavia. During the reign of Napoleon I. in Italy, he was appointed inspector-general of roads and bridges, a senator of the kingdom of Italy, and a member of the legion of honour, and of the order of the iron crown. After Napoleon's overthrow he was pensioned by the Austrian government, and received the order of St. Leopold. He was the author of various writings on mechanical subjects, especially hydraulics. His greatest work was a splendid edition of Vitruvius, published posthumously in 1825.—W. J. M. R.
STRAUCHIUS, Ægidius, a Lutheran divine, eminent as a mathematician and chronologist, was born at Wittemberg in 1632. He was professor of divinity at Wittemberg and Dantzic, and died at Wittemberg in 1682. His "Breviarium Chronologicum" was commended by Locke, and was at one time much used in this country.—D. W. R.
STRAUSS, David Frederick, was born at Ludwigsburg in Würtemberg, 27th January, 1808. After receiving a school education in his native town, he proceeded to the theological seminary at Blaubeuren, and thence to Tübingen. In 1830 he became a preacher; in 1831 a kind of professor in the seminary at Maulbronn. In the same year he went to Berlin for six months to study the philosophy of Hegel and hear Schleiermacher. In 1832 he became repetent at the theological seminary at Tübingen, and gave philosophical lectures in the university. Being removed from this office in consequence of his "Leben Jesu," and transferred to the lyceum at Ludwigsburg, he retired shortly after to Stuttgart to enjoy the leisure necessary for answering his opponents. In 1839 he received a call to the university of Zürich as professor of dogmatics and ecclesiastical history. But a popular tumult was excited against him, so that the appointment was frustrated. In 1848 he was proposed as a candidate for the German parliament by his native town, but was opposed by the clerical party of the district, who naturally looked upon him with distrust. In 1848 he was chosen a member of the Würtemberg diet, but his unexpectedly conservative politics disappointed the electors, and caused his resignation in December, 1848. He subsequently led a retired literary life. Strauss suddenly started into notice by his "Leben Jesu," which first appeared in 1835, 2 vols. 8vo, in which the whole gospel history is resolved into a concretion of myths that grew up in the christian church during the first and second centuries, having gradually developed themselves out of the Jewish Old Testament idea of Messiah. The work annihilated at once the naturalism of Paulus, and all forms of a previous rationalism. It is an epoch-making book in the history of the criticism of the gospels. Written in a clear, calm, lucid style, it showed learning, acuteness, and consummate ability in the treatment of the materials. The view advocated, however, is contrary to common sense, being a refined philosophical hypothesis woven out of slender materials. The work called forth a great number of replies, among which Neander's Life of Christ may be reckoned the best. His "Streitschriften," 1837, were a sequel to it, and meant as answers to his principal opponents. His "Zevei Friedlichen Blättern," 1838, viewed the controversy in a mild and peaceable light. In 1839 his treatise on Schleiermacher and Daub appeared, printed in his "Charakteristiken und Kritiken." In 1847 was published "Der Romantiker auf dem Throne der Cæsaren, oder Julian der Abtrüinnige," evidently pointed at a powerful king since dead. In 1848 he published "Sechs Theologisch-politische Volksreden;" in 1849, "Schubart's Leben in Seinen Briefen," 2 vols. 8vo; and in 1851, "Christian Märklin ein Lebens-und Characterbild aus der Gegenwart," which gives us interesting glimpses of the author's own mental education. Next to his "Leben Jesu," the most important work he has published is his "Die Christliche Glaubenslehre," 2 vols. 8vo, 1840-41, in which the exegetical, doctrinal, and historico-doctrinal elements are blended together with great skill. Strauss latterly abandoned theology for more purely literary pursuits. He died 8th February, 1874.—S. D.
STRAUSS, Johann, a composer of dance music, was born at Vienna, March 14, 1804, where he died in 1849. He was apprenticed to a bookbinder, but his love of music tempted him to practise the violin so diligently, that, in 1823, he was able to take an engagement in Lanner's orchestra, then in great vogue for the performance of dance music, and he accordingly abandoned
