which displays research and good sense; and wrote a considerable number of the biographies in Chambers's Lives of Illustrious Scotsmen. Mr. Struthers was for some time corrector of the press in the establishment of Khull, Blackie, & Co., Glasgow. In 1832 he was appointed to the office of librarian in Stirling's library in that city, which he held for sixteen years. Mr. Struthers died in 1853, in his seventy-eighth year. He was an excellent specimen of a shrewd, intelligent, strong-minded Scotchman. His poetical works were collected by himself, and published in 2 vols., 12mo, in 1850—J. T.
STRUTT of Belper, the family of, was founded by Jedediah Strutt, born in 1726 at Normanton, a small village near Alfreton in Derbyshire. His father was a farmer and maltster, who neglected the education of his children, and was indifferent about their prospects. Jedediah, the second son, under every disadvantage, gave himself some education, and acquired some knowledge of science. In 1754 he took a farm at Blackwell, near Normanton, and married. His brother-in-law, a hosier, directed his attention to several attempts then made to manufacture ribbed stockings on the frame invented by Lee—(See Lee, William.) Strutt studied the construction and working of the frame, succeeding where others had failed, and in conjunction with his brother-in-law took out a patent and removed to Derby, where they established a manufactory of ribbed stockings. After Arkwright's removal to Nottingham, about 1768, he was introduced to Strutt and his partner, Need. Strutt saw at once the promise of Arkwright's water-frame, the defects of which his knowledge helped to amend; and he entered into partnership with Arkwright, in the hope, at the outset, of spinning by the new machine good yarn for hosiery. At the dissolution of partnership in 1783, the large cotton works at Belper remained in the possession of Strutt, those at Cromford falling to the share of Arkwright. The founder of an opulent and flourishing manufacturing family, Jedediah Strutt died at Derby in 1797.—His great-grandson, * Edward Strutt, first Baron Belper, born in 1801, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, sat in the house of commons as liberal member for Derby from 1830 to 1848, for Arundel in 1851-52, and for Nottingham from 1852 to 1856. Chief commissioner of railways from 1846 to 1848, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster from January, 1853, to June, 1854, he was raised to the peerage in 1856.—F. E.
STRUTT, Joseph, engraver and antiquary, was born October 27, 1742, at Springfield, Essex, and was apprenticed to Ryland. Strutt published a series of illustrations of the Pilgrim's Progress, and a few separate engravings—but these were rather commonplace productions in the stippled manner. He is remembered by his antiquarian publications, works of great service in their day, and still valuable. These in the order of time, were "The Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of England," 4to, 1793; "Horda-Angel-Cynnan, or a Complete View of the Planners, Customs, Arms, Habits, &c. of the Inhabitants of England, from the arrival of the Saxons," 3 vols. 4to, 1774-76; "Chronicle of England to the Norman Conquest," 2 vols. 4to, 1777-78; "A Complete View of the Dress and Habits of the People of England," 2 vols. 4to, 1796-99; "Sports and Pastimes of the People of England," 4to, 1801: all these were illustrated with engravings copied from the illuminations on the Anglo-Saxon or early English MSS. in the British Museum, and thus, apart from the literary explanations, afforded a treasury of contemporary information on early art as well as manners. A valuable work of a different character was his "Biographical Dictionary of all Engravers from the Earliest Period to the Present Time," 2 vols. 4to, 1785-86. Mr. Strutt closed his industrious and useful career in comparative indigence, 16th October, 1802. He left behind him several manuscripts, some of which were subsequently published, and among them an unfinished romance, called "Queen-Hoo Hall," to which Sir Walter Scott wrote a conclusion in 1808, and which is remarkable as having convinced Sir Walter of the capabilities of the historical novel, and led him to complete his own Waverley.—J. T—e.
STRUVE, Burckhardt Gotthelf, a son of Georg Adam, was one of the greatest German bibliographers of his time. He was born at Weimar, 26th May, 1671, and carefully educated by his father. He then devoted himself to the study of law in the universities of Jena, Heidelberg, and Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and prepared for the bar at Halle. By an elder brother he was sent on some private business to the Netherlands, whence he brought home a considerable collection of rare boxes, medals, and other curiosities. When, however, this same brother, who had squandered his fortune in experiments to discover the philosopher's stone, became a bankrupt, Burckhardt not only ceded his patrimony, but also sold his collection in order to pay his brother's debts. Reduced to poverty, he renewed his studies with still greater ardour, and in 1697 was appointed librarian to the university of Jena, where some years after he also obtained the chair of history, and in 1730 that of feudal law. Both by his lectures and his works he attracted numbers of students, and till his death, 28th May, 1738, was one of the ornaments of his university. Among his numerous works the "Acta Litteraria," 10 vols., the "Bibliotheca Antiqua," the "Bibliotheca juris selecta," the "Introductio in notitiam rei litterariæ" (new edition by Jugler), the "Selecta Bibliotheca Historica" (new edition by Meusel, Leipsic, 1782-1804, 2 vols.), and the "Corpus Historiæ Gentis Germanicæ," deserve to be honourably mentioned.—K. E.
STRUVE, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, a distinguished astronomer, was born on the 15th of April, 1793, at Altona, being the fourth son of an eminent Danish mathematician. Dr. Jacob Struve, director of the gymnasium of that city. He studied at the university of Dorpat, where in 1813 he attained the degree of doctor of philosophy, and was appointed extraordinary professor of astronomy and assistant at the observatory. In 1820 he was promoted to be ordinary professor of astronomy and director of the observatory, which offices he quitted in 1839 to become director of the newly established Russian imperial observatory of Pulkowa, near St. Petersburg, which has since become famous through his labours. He is a member of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, and of other learned bodies. He took a leading part in the measurement of the Russian arc of the meridian, which reaches from the mouth of the Danube to the Arctic sea, through an amplitude of about twenty-five degrees, or fifteen hundred geographical miles. Amongst his many astronomical researches, perhaps the most remarkable are those on double and multiple stars, and his determination of the parallax of the star Vega, whereby its distance from the solar system is found to be about eight hundred thousand times the distance of the earth from the sun. He has effected many improvements in astronomical instruments and methods of observing, which have been carried out at Pulkowa. In all his more recent labours he has been worthily assisted by his son. Otto Wilhelm Struve, born at Dorpat on the 14th of April, 1819, and now second astronomer at Pulkowa, who has also distinguished himself by his independent investigations, and especially by those on the proper motions of the fixed stars.—R.
STRUVE, Georg Adam, a distinguished German jurist, was born at Magdeburg in 1619. He studied at Jena and Helmstädt, under the celebrated Conring, and in 1646 accepted a chair in the former university, which he, however, resigned some years after, in order to enter upon a diplomatic career. He was made privy councillor at Weimar, and was variously employed by the elector and the princes of Saxony. Notwithstanding this high position he again resigned, and returned to Jena as first professor of law (1673). He died 15th December, 1692, and having been twice married left no less than sixteen sons—several of whom distinguished themselves in different walks of life—and eight daughters. His numerous writings were mostly of small compass, and have sunk into oblivion. His "Syntagma juris feudalis," and "Syntagma Jurisprudentiæ civilis," however, stood in high esteem in their time, and went through numerous editions.—(See Manes Struviani, sire de vita et scriptis G. A. Struvii, by his son Burckhardt Gotthelf, Jena, 1705.)—K. E.
STRY, Abraham van, Dutch painter, was born at Dort, December 31, 1753. He was pupil of his father, a decorative painter, but formed his style on that of Albert Cuyp, of whom he is one of the most successful modern imitators. But besides his landscapes and cattle pieces he painted many homely interiors, which are much admired. Though not an original, he is a pleasing painter, and an agreeable colourist. He died in 1830. A younger brother, Jacob van Stry, born in 1756, died in 1815, also distinguished himself as a painter in the manner of Cuyp. Many of the "landscapes with cattle" of the brothers Van Stry have had their names obliterated by fraudulent dealers, and then been sold at high prices as genuine paintings by Cuyp. Pictures by both brothers are in the museum of Amsterdam.—J. T—e.
STRYPE, John, a most industrious contributor to the early history and biography of the Church of England after the Refor-
