French a "History of the Greek Revolution." His genius next displayed itself in a novel—"The Exile of 1831," in which great bitterness against Capo d'Istria is manifested. Hatred of the Turks appears to be the animating feeling of both the Sutzos, a feeling that has made them warm partisans of Russia, and severe satirists of England and France at the time of the Crimean war. Alexander has been exiled from his own country several times, by different ministries that he has attacked most unmercifully.—Panayote, who was born at Constantinople in 1806, was educated with his brother, and like him, has written plays, poetry, and novels. Part of his early life was spent at Cronstadt in Transylvania. He has also edited several newspapers, and supported the Russian alliance as being more beneficial to Greece than any other. He has acquired well-earned fame by his strenuous efforts on behalf of the noble old Greek language, which he desires to see revive as the living language of his countrymen.—R. H.
SUWAROF-RYMNIKSKI, Alexander Vassiljevitsch, was born in Finland on the 24th November, 1729. The family was originally Swedish. Suwarof's grandfather was a clergyman, and the father of the future conqueror entered the Russian army in the time of Peter the Great, and was rewarded with the rank of general. This officer was called Basil Suwarof. Hence Alexander, after the Russian fashion, was known as Vassiljevitsch, or Basil's son. The son followed the father's profession, but was destined to be much more illustrious. During the Seven Years' war he acquired, still very young, fame and promotion, and prepared himself by prompt obedience for independent command. In those deplorable scenes which preceded the destruction of Poland as a nation, Suwarof added to his reputation as a soldier. Suwarof served with great distinction in the war so disastrous for Turkey, so glorious and advantageous to Russia, to which the memorable peace of Kutschuk-Kainardschi in July, 1774, put an end. The Russian history is full of tragedies the most terrible: it is no less full of episodes the strangest. Peter III. had been murdered to gratify the evil passions of his wife, who afterwards reigned as Catherine II. Before peace with Turkey had been proclaimed, a Kossack adventurer, named Pugatschef, gave himself out as the Czar Peter, saying that the intended assassination had been frustrated. Pugatschef was a bold and resolute man, and he rapidly gained adherents. The alarming insurrection which burst forth failed through Pugatschef's want of political capacity. Suwarof was active and prominent in the conflict with the rebels. In June, 1775, Pugatschef and his principal followers were executed at Moscow. A hundred thousand men had perished in asserting or resisting his pretensions. The next work allotted to the intrepid and energetic Suwarof, was the subjugation of the Tartar hordes, over whom, as her empire stretches eastward and southward, Russia strenuously strives to establish at least a nominal supremacy. Insult on insult, injustice on injustice, brutalities the most outrageous, alternating with a Machiavellianism the most cunning and unscrupulous, drove the Turks, half in anger, half in despair, to renew, in 1787, the contest with Russia. The peace of Jassy, in 1792, was a humiliation as profound for Turkey as that of Kutschuk-Kainardschi had been. Suwarof was the most powerful instrument of Russian vengeance. He defeated the Turks at Kinburn, where he was wounded. On the river Rymnik he overthrew an immense host, whereupon the Empress Catherine created him a Count, and added to his name that of Rymnikski. The most famous at once and most horrible event of the war was the capture of Ismail, which history shudders to record. In 1794 the Poles, led by Kosciusko, made a sublime attempt to recover their freedom; but against the overwhelming forces of Russia the attempt was of necessity fruitless. At the beginning of November, 1794, the man of blood—Suwarof—having beaten the Poles in the field, approached Praga, a suburb of Warsaw, but on the right bank of the Vistula. Praga was taken by storm, and the carnage of Ismail was repeated. Suwarof, so far from arresting the slaughter, said to his soldiers when it was at the fiercest, "Amuse yourselves, my children," as if the butchery of the defenceless were the best imaginable recreation; he then calmly ordered a cold bath to be got ready, in enjoying which he no doubt thanked God with becoming piety. Certain typos incessantly recur in war as in other things. Moreau, the ablest after Napoleon of the French generals of the Revolution, has been compared to Turenne. Napoleon himself resembled in many points Alexander the Great, in many Hannibal; and Suwarof, Blucher, Radetzky, all belonged to a class in which vigour and impetuosity of character supplied the want of the higher order, of military qualities. Suwarof was neither an accomplished tactician nor a strategist of genius; he had prodigious pith, indomitable persistency, and he had the instinctive art of communicating to his troops his own fiery and resistless spirit. Early in 1799 the Emperor Paul appointed Suwarof commander-in-chief of the Russian troops which, aided by Austrian armies, were to operate against the French in Italy. For France, 1799 was a year of peril, of calamity, and of disgrace. Bonaparte was absent in Egypt; the French government was irresolute, factious, corrupt—neither adopted wise measures nor manifested pertinacious purpose; the French forces were scattered over too many points; and where Napoleonic rapidity, and inventiveness, and grasp were indispensable, leadership was bestowed on such inefficient persons as Scherer. The French in Italy were considerably outnumbered by the Russians and the Austrians, though not perhaps to the extent that French historians represent. Scherer, as Suwarof's opponent, having committed every conceivable blunder, vanished into the obscurity from which it was unfortunate that he had ever emerged. Suwarof had now before him worthier foemen, one of them, Moreau, being much his superior. Scherer had been driven across the Mincio, the Oglio, the Adda. At Cassano, a village on the Adda, Scherer surrendered to Moreau the command of a defeated, dwindling, and discouraged army. In the engagement which took place at Cassano on the 27th April, 1799, Moreau was vanquished by Suwarof, but effected an admirable retreat to the Genoese coast with twenty thousand men. On hearing of the reverses of Scherer, the army of Naples, under Macdonald, hastened northward. On the Trebia a battle, extending over three days, was fought in the middle of June, which the French regard as the most obstinate in their annals; Suwarof was victorious over Macdonald, but he said that another such success, so hardly won, would compel the allies to evacuate the peninsula. On the 15th of August Suwarof fought at Novi, his last grand battle in Italy. At the head of seventy thousand Russians and Austrians, he put to flight forty thousand French. The French commander—the young, the noble, the heroic Joubert—was killed. Moreau was present; but most of the movements were contrary to his counsel. As a recompense for his achievements in Italy, Suwarof was made Prince Italijski. Having crossed the Alps into Switzerland with the design of renewing the contest the following spring, Suwarof was suddenly recalled by the capricious Paul. On reaching St. Petersburg, he found that he was in disgrace. The courtiers avoided him, and he was not allowed to approach the emperor. Grief at this ingratitude broke his heart, and he died on the 18th of May, 1800. A colossal statue was erected in his honour at St. Petersburg by order of the Emperor Alexander. Suwarof was boundlessly popular with the Russian soldiers and the Russian people, and this popularity was increased by his eccentricities. He has been praised for his disinterestedness, his integrity, and even, away from battles, for his humanity; but with all his virtues, he was essentially a barbarian. His son and grandson proved themselves not unworthy the name of Suwarof.—W. M—l.
SUYS, Tilman François, a distinguished Belgian architect, was born at Ostend in 1783. His early education was native, but Belgium having become French, he in 1807 went to Paris, and became a pupil of Percier and Fontaine in the École des Beaux-Arts. In 1812 he won the grand prize of Rome. He spent some years in Rome, and on his return settled at Amsterdam. Among his early works were some catholic churches and several mansions. He was nominated architect to the king, William I., and the organization of the Royal Academy of Architecture was intrusted to him. After the Revolution he removed to Brussels, was made architect to the king of the Belgians, and created officer of the order of Leopold. The hotel d'Aremberg, the Antwerp gate, &c., are among his chief buildings in Brussels. M. Suys was the author of two illustrated folio volumes, "Le Panthéon de Rome" and "La Palais Massini." Died 1861.—J. T—e.
* SWAIN, Charles, "the Manchester poet," was born in that city in 1803, of French parentage on the mother's side. He r eceived a good education in Manchester, and at fifteen entered the establishment of his mother's brother, the owner of extensive dye-works. After fourteen years thus employed he became an engraver, and has ever since carried on that business. From an early period he wrote poetry, first published in the Literary Gazette, to which he was for many years a contributor of verse.
