à Kempis in the prominence given to active, beneficent, self-sacrificing love. "Works of love are more pleasing to God than great contemplation." Other writings have been ascribed to Tauler, but falsely. Among these is the work entitled German Theology, which had so much influence on Luther. The spirit of Tauler was still alive when Luther began his reformation. The succession of the "Friends of God" was still extant, and Luther used to appeal to their teaching as the harbinger of the light which shone forth two hundred years after the first preaching of Tauler.—P. L.
TAUNTON. See Labouchere.
TAURISCUS, a Greek sculptor of Tralles, who, with his brother Apollonius, made out of one vast block of marble the celebrated colossal group of "Zethus, Amphion, and Dirce tied to the Bull," now in the museum at Naples, and commonly known as the Toro Farnese, or Farnese Bull. It and the Laocoon are the two most important groups of ancient sculpture: both were carried to Rome from Rhodes. The Farnese Bull was in the collection of Asinius Pollio at Rome in the time of Augustus. It was found in the baths of Caracalla, and was unskilfully restored by the sculptor Gio. Battista Bianchi. It was removed from Rome to Naples about the year 1786, and was a second time repaired at Naples. A fifth figure of the group, that of Antiope, is a modern addition, the feet only being ancient.—(Pliny, Hist. Nat., xxxvi.)—R. N. W.
TAUSSEN or TAGESEN, Hans, the leading Danish reformer, was born in 1494 in the island of Funen. Originally a monk in the convent of Antvorskov, he studied, when abroad, privately at Wittemberg, and began, some years after his return, to inculcate the Lutheran doctrines. Transferred thereupon to another convent at Viborg, he continued to preach the new creed in spite of all threats and opposition, until Frederic I. took him by the hand, named him his chaplain, and afterwards invited him to Copenhagen. Taussen lived to see the Reformation triumph in his native country, and after holding various ecclesiastical appointments, died bishop of Ribe in 1561. Taussen's talents were of no very distinguished order; but he was possessed of much earnestness and energy of character.—J. J.
TAVANES, Gaspard de Saulx de, Maréchal of France, was born at Dijon in 1509. He was brought up at the court of Francis I., to whom he was a page, and was taken prisoner with him at the battle of Pavia. He also served in the war in Piedmont, where he signalized himself by his bravery, and became strongly attached to Charles, duke of Orleans, and second son of Francis I. At Rochelles, in 1542, he repressed a revolt, and was present at the victory of Cerisoles in 1544. He was promoted to the rank of Maréchal-de-camp by Henry II., in 1552, and served with distinction in the wars of Charles V. At Reutz he was the principal cause of the defeat of the German Reisters. When Tavanes returned covered with blood and dust the king took the collar of the order of St. Michael from his own neck, and threw it upon that of the marechal. After assisting, in 1558, at the capture of Calais and of Thionville, he served in the civil wars of Francis II. and Charles IX., when he reduced the insurgents of Dauphiné and Burgundy. He displayed a great hatred of the protestants, and according to Brantome was one of the principal advisers of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He died at his castle of Sully in 1573.—W. J. P.
TAVERNER, Richard, was born at North Ehnham, near Brisley, Norfolk, about 1505. He received his first education at Ben'et college, Cambridge, but was afterwards selected and brought by Wolsey to Christ church, Oxford. He took his degree of B.A. in 1529, and was ultimately master of arts of both universities. He next went to an inn of chancery, which then occupied the site of Somerset house, studied law, and entered the Inner temple. Enjoying the patronage of Cromwell, secretary of state, he was made one of the clerks of the signet in 1537. In 1552, though he was not in orders, he obtained a license from King Edward VI. to preach. At the accession of Queen Mary he retired to his favourite residence in Surrey, but came to court again in Elizabeth's reign. Her majesty showed him no little favour, and in 1569 made him high-sheriff of the county of Oxford. In this character, and with his sword by his side, he preached to the students from the pulpit of St. Mary's. After having, as Wood says, "lived beyond the age of man," he died on the 14th of July, 1577. Taverner's works are various—"The sum or pith of the Psalms of David," 1539; "Two Books of the Garden of Wisdom;" poems in Latin and English; and several translations. But his principal works are, first, his revised edition of Melancthon's Bible, in folio, London, 1539. Taverner's Bible was printed by John Byddell, and dedicated to King Henry. It was twice reprinted in quarto, along with two separate editions of the New Testament, during the year of its publication, and was allowed to be publicly read in churches. Second, his "Postils on the Epistles and Gospels," published in 1540. (Postil is post ilia, brief notes or address after the lesson from scripture.) In this publication Taverner had many contributors, and one might almost detect Latimer and Cranmer among them by their respective styles. Two of the postils were inserted by Parker into the second book of Homilies, and now stand as the homilies for Good Friday and Easter. A new edition of the Postils was published by Cardwell, Oxford, 1841.—J. E.
TAVERNIER, Jean-Baptiste, one of the most celebrated French travellers of the seventeenth century, born at Paris in 1605. His father, who was a native of Antwerp, had settled in Paris, and traded largely in geographical maps. The conversation about foreign countries had doubtless an effect upon the youthful mind of Tavernier, and fostered the natural inclination which he had for travelling. At the age of twenty-two he had seen the greater part of Europe, including England, France, the Low Countries, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, and Italy. He was also able to speak the languages of all the countries which he had visited. He travelled into Turkey, Persia, and the East Indies by all the different routes he could take, six times in the space of forty years. While thus gratifying the propensity for travelling, he obtained large sums of money by trading in linen goods, stuffs, and precious stones. Louis XIV. wishing to bestow upon Tavernier a mark of his satisfaction for the services which he had rendered to the commerce of France, caused him to be ennobled. Tavernier loved pomp and display. He bought the barony of Aubonne in Switzerland, and had also a town house in Paris with a large suite of attendants. His income, although considerable, was not sufficient to support this extravagance, and he was obliged to enter once more into commerce. He despatched a cargo to India which ought to have realized a million livres, but the project failed through the mismanagement and ill-conduct of his nephew. Tavernier's affairs became consequently embarrassed, and he was obliged to sell his hotel and the barony of Aubonne in order to clear his liabilities. The latter estate was bought by the Marquis Duquesne; and Tavernier having obtained from the elector of Brandenburg the directorship of the company which that prince wished to establish in India, notwithstanding his advanced age, made arrangements for returning to the East. As he had never visited Russia he passed through that country on his way; but in descending the Volga he was attacked by a fatal malady, and died at Moscow in July, 1689, at the age of eighty-four. During his travels, Tavernier had collected a great number of observations; but as he had neither learned to speak or write the French language well, he was obliged to employ others to draw up his narrative. He was assisted in preparing the first two volumes of his travels for the press by M. Chappuzeau, with whom he lodged at Geneva. La Chapelle, secretary to the President Lamoignon, assisted him in preparing the third. These volumes have been several times reprinted; but although they contain several interesting and curious particulars, they are disfigured by palpable fables, which had been narrated to him merely to impose upon his credulity. He is also charged with stealing from the works of other travellers in order to fill up his own relations. Dr. Hyde cites a long passage from Tavernier, which he declares that "he had taken, like a downright plagiary, from a book printed at Lyons, 1671, in 8vo, and written by father Gabriel de Chinon, who had lived in Persia thirty years." Gibbon, however, speaks of him as, "that jeweller, who saw so much and so well." Tavernier was of the protestant religion, and several parties, among whom were the Dutch and the jesuits, were offended at certain statements in his travels, and he has been abused in print on that account. In one chapter of his writings he reflects upon the conduct of the Hollanders, and is very severe on the directors of the East India Company, by whom he declares himself to have been injured. He does not, however, blame the conduct of the Dutch generally. The first edition of Tavernier's travels was printed at Paris in 1676-79.—W. J. P.
* TAYLER, Frederick, President of the Society of Painters in Water Colours, was born at Boreham Wood, near Elstree, Herts, April 30, 1804. After a preliminary course of instruc-
