courage, disinterestedness, and philanthropy were acknowledged on all sides, but it may be doubted whether Sir John Shore possessed other qualities no less requisite for the government of our Indian empire. He has been accused of following a temporizing and timid policy, which, though it preserved peace during his own administration, led to costly and dangerous wars under his successors. Or. his return to England in 1797 he was created an Irish peer by the title of Lord Teignmouth. In 1807 he was appointed one of the commissioners for the affairs of India, and made a privy councillor. In 1804 he published "Memoirs of Sir William Jones," whom he had succeeded as president of the Asiatic Society, and in 1807 he edited the works of that great oriental scholar in 13 vols., 8vo. Lord Teignmouth was the first president of the British and Foreign Bible Society. He died in 1834. His Life and Correspondence were published by his son, in 1843, in 2 vols., 8vo.—J. T.
TEKELI, Emeric, a celebrated Hungarian patriot, was born in 1658. He was the son of the Count de Tekeli, who fell in a brave struggle for the rights of his country. The Hungarians were at this time groaning under the double yoke of civil and religious oppression. The tyranny of the Austrians at length became intolerable, and the protestants took up arms under the leadership of the intrepid Tekeli (1678). The youthful chief carried on hostilities for three years, defeated the Austrians no less than six times, and penetrating into Moravia, carried the war into the hereditary dominions of the emperor. The insurgents received great encouragement from the Marquis de Bethune, the French ambassador in Poland, but the peace of Nimeguen prevented the fulfilment of the treaty which he had made with them. The Hungarians were therefore left with no other ally than the Porte. In spite of the remonstrances of Tekeli the grand vizier marched straight to Vienna in 1683, where he was overthrown by John Sobieski. The Austrian court, with its habitual craft and perfidy, contrived to render Tekeli an object of suspicion to the Porte, in consequence of which he was thrown into chains and carried prisoner to Constantinople. After the horrid massacres which the Austrian general, Caraffa, perpetrated at Eperies, Tekeli regained his liberty, and once more called the Hungarians to arms. But the victories of Prince Eugene, which resulted in the peace of Carlowitz in 1699, blasted their hopes, and the intrepid patriot with his followers had to seek refuge in Nicomedia, where he died in 1705.—J. T.
TELEMANN, Georg Philipp, a musician, was born at Magdeburg, March 14, 1681, and died at Hamburg, June 25, 1767. His father, a Lutheran minister, died in the boy's infancy. His mother for some time opposed his predilection for music, and he was therefore principally self-instructed, improving by his own researches upon the rudimentary knowledge he acquired in common with others at school. Such was his natural talent, and such his diligence in its development, that in 1693 he composed an opera, which was performed at the theatres of Magdeburg and Hildesheim; his model for this precocious effort having been a score of Lully. He attended the public schools of Magdeburg, Zellerfeld, and Hildesheim, and in 1700 entered the university of Leipsic, purposing to prepare himself for the legal profession. The opportunities this town afforded him of indulging his musical inclination, induced him to relinquish every other pursuit; and in 1701 he was engaged to direct the opera, and shortly afterwards received the appointment of music-director and organist at a church in Leipsic. Now was the period of his great intimacy with Handel, and it was probably by his counsel that the latter first quitted Halle to try his fortune in a wider field. In 1704 Telemann went to Sorau as kapellmeister to the Count von Promnitz, where he made the friendship of the cantor Wolfgang Caspar Prinz, author of a history of vocal music, whose advice greatly influenced his style of composition. In 1708 Telemann was appointed concert-meister (principal violinist in the orchestra) to the duke of Eisenach, and shortly afterwards was promoted to the office of kapellmeister to the same nobleman, which he continued to fulfil, composing a certain number of works yearly, especially for the duke, during the time that he held several other engagements. One of these took him to Frankfort-on-the-Maine in 1711, where he was for some time organist to St. Catherine's and the Barfüsser churches. He was also appointed kapellmeister to the margrave of Bayreuth in 1715, in whose service he remained, as well as in that of the duke of Eisenach, after he became music director at Hamburg in 1721, and cantor of St. John's church in that city. He was so well satisfied with this position, that he declined the offer of the places of organist and cantor in St. Thomas' school in Leipsic, rendered vacant by the death of Johann Külman, and the great Bach was then appointed to fill them. In 1737 Telemann visited Paris for eight months, where his talent was warmly acknowledged; previous to which he spent some time in Berlin, and these were his only two considerable absences from Hamburg. It will give some notion of the productiveness of this composer to state, that he set the gospel narrative of the Passion no less than forty-six times, bringing out a new composition for the celebration of Passion week every time this occurred during his residence at Hamburg, the last being in the eighty-seventh year of his life. He wrote about forty operas and three hundred overtures, and his productions in every other class of music were similarly numerous; his oratorios, which were only ten, forming the smallest item in the almost incredible catalogue. He was likewise the author of several papers on the theory of music; and as a further proof of his industry, it may be stated that he engraved many of his own compositions.—G. A. M.
TELESIO, Bernardino, one of the reformers of philosophy, was born in 1508 at Cosenza, near Naples. He studied first under his uncle Antonio at Milan, and afterwards at Rome. He then went to Padua, where he studied the natural sciences and mathematics with great ardour. Here he imbibed a profound dislike for Aristotle, or rather for the abuse made of Aristotle's writings. In 1565 appeared his new views, under the title "De Natura, juxta Propria Principia." He afterwards founded the Cosentine academy at Naples, for the purpose of attacking the reigning philosophy. His writings and lectures gave great offence to the monks, the upholders of Aristotle's authority. Italy was filled with denunciations against him. The pope, Pius IV., however, protected him against any active hostility, even offering him the archbishopric of Cosenza, and on his refusal, conferring this prelacy on his brother Thomas. In his old age he retired to his native town, where he died in 1588, beloved and revered by all classes of his fellow-citizens. The speculations of Telesio remind us somewhat of Parmenides. He constructed the world from a passive matter under the influence of two active principles, heat and cold. He derived all knowledge from experience, and protested against attempts to explain phenomena by the aid of mere abstractions. There can be no doubt that he helped to prepare the way for the victory of the great triumvirate, Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo.—J. W. S.
TELFORD, Thomas, the great engineer, was born in a cottage on the banks of the Meggot water, in the district of Eskdale and county of Dumfries in Scotland, on the 9th of August, 1757, and died in London on the 2nd of September, 1834. He was the son of a shepherd, and lost his father a few weeks after his birth. His widowed mother supported herself and him by farm labour, and obtained for him the rudiments of education at the neighbouring parish school of Westerkirk. At the age of about fifteen he was put apprentice to a mason, and soon became a skilful workman. He passed much of his leisure in study, and was supplied with books by a benevolent lady of the neighbourhood. Miss Pasley; his prevailing taste appears to have been for poetry. On becoming a journeyman, in 1780, he went to Edinburgh, where the building of the "new town" afforded an ample field of employment to men of his craft. Wishing still further to improve his condition, he went to London, where he rose so rapidly through his skill and industry as to be appointed in 1784 superintendent of buildings then in progress at Portsmouth dockyard. About this time he composed a poem upon his native valley, called "Eskdale," which evinces some poetic talent and much good feeling, and also applied himself to the study of mechanical and physical science. Soon afterwards he obtained the appointment of county surveyor of Shropshire, and in that capacity designed and executed some works of considerable magnitude. In the course of these occupations he was led to study the principles of architecture, and the effects of his having done so are to be traced in the elegant proportions of the structures afterwards designed by him. In 1793 the reputation which he had acquired by his works in Shropshire caused him to be appointed engineer of the Ellesmere canal, which connects the Mersey and Dee with the Severn. The execution of that undertaking involved works of a magnitude then unprecedented in England, such as the celebrated Chirk aqueduct about five hundred feet long, and seventy feet above the river Ceriog, and the more celebrated aqueduct of Pont y
