philological labours, his Greek grammar and his edition of Pindar rank highest. For a long time Thiersch laboured under the hatred and persecution of the Roman catholic party, as he always proved an active and fearless defender of protestantism; it was even attempted to murder him. It was also Thiersch who, in 1837, gave the impulse to the annual meetings of the German philologists. He died in 1860.—K. E.
THIOU DE LA CHAUME, Claude Esprit, a French military physician, was born at Paris in 1750. After graduating at Rheims he obtained the post of physician to the military hospital at Monaco, then occupied by French troops. In 1778 he held a similar appointment at Ajaccio in Corsica. Subsequently he was promoted to the rank of chief physician to the army intended to besiege Minorca. At the siege of Gibraltar in 1782 he was also at the head of the medical staff, and distinguished himself in the management of a severe epidemic fever which appeared amongst the allied French and Spanish troops. At the termination of the war he was made physician to the Comte d'Artois, afterwards Charles X. He died at Montpellier at the early age of thirty-six. He has left an account of the epidemic at Algesiras in the second volume of the Journal de Médecine Militaire.—F. C. W.
THIRLBY, Styan, a learned English writer, was born about 1692, and was educated at the Leicester free school and at Jesus' college, Cambridge. When only eighteen he published a pamphlet, vindicating the loyalty of the university of Cambridge against the aspersions of Dr. Bentley and others, which was succeeded two years later by "An Answer to Mr. Whiston's Seventeen Suspicions concerning Athanasius;" and partly on account of his controversial powers, and partly because of his scholarship, he was elected a fellow of his college, at the instigation of Dr. Ashton, when he was barely twenty-one years of age. In 1723 Thirlby published his edition of Justin Martyr, which may fairly be esteemed his chief work. He afterwards turned his attention to the study of medicine, and then successively to civil and common law, but appears to have failed in consequence of having acquired lazy and dissipated habits. He eventually obtained a small sinecure in the customs, which produced him a sufficient income to keep him from actual want. He contributed some notes to Theobald's Shakspeare, and projected an edition of his own, which he failed to carry out. He died in 1753.—F.
* THIRLWALL, Connop, D.D., Bishop of St. David's, is the son of the Rev. T. Thirlwall, rector of Brewers-Gifford in Essex, and was born at Stepney in 1797. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow, after achieving academic distinction as gainer of the Bell and Craven scholarships, and as senior chancellor's medallist. Having graduated B.A. in 1818, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's inn in 1825, and in that year published anonymously, a translation of Schleirmacher on Luke, prefixing an introduction "containing an account of the controversy respecting the origin of the three first gospels since Bishop Marsh's Dissertation." In 1828 he withdrew from the bar, and entering the church became rector of Kirby-Underdale, Yorkshire. In the same year appeared vol. i. of the translation of Niebuhr's History of Rome, the joint work of himself and of his friend Julius Charles Hare, and they afterwards added a second volume. In 1835 he began to contribute to Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia the History of Greece, on which his literary fame chiefly rests; "before him," says the Edinburgh Review justly, "no one had applied to those facts" (the facts of Greek history) "considered as a whole, the most ordinary canons of historical credibility." In 1840 he was raised to the episcopal bench as bishop of St. David's. In 1845-52, Bishop Thirlwall issued in eight volumes a much improved and enlarged edition of his History of Greece. He has also published various detached sermons and charges.—F. E.
THISTLEWOOD, Arthur, the ringleader of the Cato Street conspirators was, it is said, born about 1770, at Horncastle in Lincolnshire, the son of a person who was the land-steward of an old family in that neighbourhood. He was educated to be a land-surveyor, but at twenty-one became a lieutenant in a marching regiment, which he accompanied to the West Indies. Then he resigned his commission, and proceeded to the United States, quitting them for a residence in Paris, which he reached soon after the fall of Robespierre. With the peace of Amiens he returned, full of French revolutionary notions, to England, and was implicated in the Spitalfields riots of 1816. Acquitted, like the other rioters, on technical grounds, he sent a challenge to Lord Sidmouth, an offence for which he was sentenced to a year's imprisonment. He came out of prison angry and vindictive, a mood of mind which was not improved by the Peterloo "massacre." About the time of the accession of George IV. he formed the conspiracy known as that of Cato Street (now Homer Street, Edgeware Road), where, in a stable, Thistlewood and his associates met to arrange their plan of operation. It was finally agreed that they should assassinate the cabinet ministers, who were to dine together at Lord Harrowby's, in Grosvenor Square, on the 22nd February, 1820. Bags were made ready to receive the heads of Lords Castlereagh and Sidmouth, the bank and mansion-house were to be attacked, and a provisional government proclaimed. One of the conspirators gave information to the government, and on the afternoon of the day for the execution of the plot, the room in which the conspirators met was entered by the police. After a desperate conflict several prisoners were made, but Thistlewood escaped. He was captured, however, next morning in bed, and sent to the Tower, being "the last person," according to Cunningham's Handbook of London, "committed a prisoner to that celebrated fortress." Tried on the 17th April with several of his accomplices, he was condemned to death, and on receiving sentence justified his acts. He was hanged at Newgate on 1st May, 1820, and met his doom with fortitude.—F. E.
* THOLUCK, Friedrich A. G., one of the most distinguished German divines of the present century, was born at Breslau, 30th March, 1799, and was educated in the gymnasium of that city, and in the university of Berlin. Oriental studies were his first love, and his earliest publications belonged to that field; among which were his "Suffismus, sive theosophia Persarum pantheistica," 1821, and his "Blütensammlung aus der Morgenländischen Mysticismus," 1825. When he left Breslau, as he tells us in one of his prefaces, he was almost as much an admirer of Mahometanism as of Christianity; and it was partly under the influence of Neander that he advanced to better views of the nature and claims of Christian truth. "Under such a teacher," says he, "my interest in Christianity continued to increase—a few rays of self-knowledge shot through. From those loved lips, now silent in the grave, I heard for the first time the words self-denial, humility, sin." Neander recommended to him the study of Platonism and New Platonism, judging that these systems would prove to him, as they had proved to himself, the outer courts of the Christian sanctuary. Nor was he mistaken in that prognostic. Tholuck is another instance of the propaedeutic influence of the Platonic spirit in leading highly-gifted minds to Christ. "But," continues he, "I required more direct instruction, and this God sent to me by a man whom many still love as their spiritual father. This was the Silesian Baron von Kottwitz, the founder of an asylum for poor weavers in Berlin, as well as similar institutions in other places. It was the sight of his Christian life which showed me what the spirit of Christianity was, for he taught but little in words." The first fruits of his new evangelical life appeared in 1823. "At the commencement of the Easter vacation in the year 1823, Samuel Eisner, a merchant of Berlin, urged me to imitate the example of Dr. Knapp, who had written a tract entitled, What must I do to be saved? by writing one on the question. Dost thou believe that thou art a sinner? I sat down to my desk, and by the time the vacation was over the work was complete. But I had written something different from what I intended—the history of a young man who passes from uncertainty to firm faith." Such was the history of the interesting work entitled "The Two Students—Guido and Julius;" or, as it was afterwards in its seventh edition entitled, "The Doctrine of Sin and the Reconciler." The young man whose Christian enlightenment and awakening he describes was himself. The book was an out-gushing from his own newly-converted and emancipated heart; and he tells us, that juvenile as it was, it has brought him a richer reward in good accomplished, than any of his later and riper works. It was extremely popular in Germany, and was translated into many foreign languages. It was welcomed by pious Romanists as well as by believing protestants, and inflicted a heavy blow upon the credit and power of the rationalists, who had long held almost undisputed sway over continental protestantism. In 1824 the author was made extraordinary professor of theology in the university of Berlin. In 1825 he travelled at the expense of the Prussian government in Holland and England, and on his return was made ordinary professor of theology at
