emperor. Piso, the governor of Syria, was accused of having taken his life; and Tiberius did not support him, a d. 20. In 21 Tiberius had his fourth consulship. In 22 the tribunician power was bestowed on his son Drusus, who was to succeed him, but he died in 23 from poison, through the crafty measures of Sejanus, a man who influenced the emperor's mind most injuriously, and worked upon his suspicious temper with direful effect. In 24 Serenus, falsely accused by his own son of a conspiracy against the emperor, was banished. In 26 the emperor departed from Rome, to which he never returned. He went first to Campania, and in 27 to the island of Capreæ. In 28 he had Agrippina married to Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. In 29 his mother Livia died, which was a relief to the minds of himself and of Sejanus. Agrippina and her children were banished through Sejanus, a wretch whom the emperor at length recommended the servile senate to put to death in 31. Tiberius died a d. 37, after a reign of twenty-two years and a half. His body was taken to Rome from the villa of Lucullus, and buried with great pomp. Tacitus enables us to draw his character, which is by no means an enviable one. That he had considerable talents, was a good scholar, could speak and write well, and knew what was right, is certain; but he was naturally timid, jealous, and suspicious. As soon as he got power he became cruel and cunning. Nobody was a better dissembler. He could act a part well. In the latter part of his life when he left Rome, he indulged his lustful appetites to excess. His conduct was excessively immoral; indeed he seems to have studied nothing else than the gratification of the grossest desires. Hence his body, though naturally strong and healthy, sank at last under the effects of debauchery. The memory of Tiberius is justly exposed to the execration of posterity as that of a crafty, cruel, depraved tyrant, permitted by Providence to reign over a people who were hardly worthy of a good sovereign.—S. D.
TIBERIUS II. (Flavius Constantinus), Emperor of the East in the sixth century, was a native of Thrace. He was educated at the court of Justinian, and became captain of the guards to Justin II., who raised him to the rank of Cæsar or Augustus, 574. In 573 he commanded the troops against the Avars in the vicinity of the Save and the Danube; and though worsted at first, got possession of Sirmium. Justin associated Tiberius with himself during the last four years of his administration. The Persians under Chosroes were the most formidable enemies he had to contend with. Justinian was intrusted with the command of the armies of the East, crossed the Bosphorus, encountered Chosroes in Armenia, and defeated him with great slaughter. Soon after, however, he was recalled, and Maurice appointed instead, 577. When Justin died in 578, it is said that Sophia expected to become Tiberius' wife, but she was disappointed, as he had been already married to Anastasia. The plot which she entered into with Justinian to dethrone the emperor, was discovered. In 579 war was renewed with the Persians, whom Maurice signally defeated in several battles, and celebrated a triumph at Constantinople, 681. In 581 Tiberius raised his general to the dignity of Cæsar, and gave him his daughter in marriage. He died in August, 582, greatly lamented by his subjects. Tiberius II. was a wise and beneficent emperor, who had the good of his people at heart.—S. D.
TIBERIUS, a philosopher and sophist, whose age is unknown, wrote works on grammar and rhetoric, with commentaries on Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Demosthenes. His treatise on the figures employed in Demosthenes' Orations is the only one extant. It was published by Gale and Boissonade; by the latter in 1815, 8vo, London.—S. D.
TIBERIUS ABSIMARUS was general to the Greek emperor Leontius, who overthrew and banished Justinian II. Having warred unsuccessfully against the Saracens in the East, he ventured upon a rebellion, and dethroned Leontius, whom he imprisoned in a monastery, 698. But Justinian II. escaped, purchased the aid of the Bulgarian conqueror Terbellis, and recovered possession of Constantinople. Both Leontius and Absimarus were loaded with fetters, brought into the hippodrome, and after being treated with indignity, were executed there, 704.—S. D.
TIBERIUS, Alexander, was born of Jewish parentage at Alexandria, not long after the commencement of the christian era. Although a nephew of the celebrated Philo, he apostatized from the religion of his fathers to heathenism, and thus recommended himself to the favour of the Roman government. He was appointed by Claudius, a.d. 46, procurator of Judea, in which important office he showed all the proverbial severity of a renegade to his unhappy countrymen. Being a man of eminent talents, both military and civil, he was subsequently appointed by Nero procurator of Egypt, where he is said to have caused fifty thousand Jews to be slain in one day during a tumult in Alexandria. In the civil wars which ensued after the death of Nero, he was among the first to declare for Vespasian, and was afterwards present at the capture of Jerusalem by Titus.—G.
TIBULLUS, Albius (of uncertain prænomen), was born in Italy about 54 b.c. Belonging to an equestrian family, he inherited an estate near Præneste; but his property, like that of Virgil, was confiscated during the civil wars. He succeeded, however, in recovering a part of it, as we learn from one of his most pleasing elegies. The literary talents of Tibullus obtained for him at an early age the favour of the great; and in 31 b.c. he accompanied his patron Messala into Gaul, where he shared the fatigues of a campaign in Aquitaine. Military life seems, however, to have been very little in accordance with his tastes, and on the conclusion of the war he returned to Italy. Very few particulars are mentioned of his subsequent life; but it is known that he died young. Tibullus was an amiable and accomplished man, and very popular with his contemporaries. Both by Horace and Ovid he is addressed in terms of high regard and esteem. His works are universally ranked in the first class of elegiac poetry; nor, perhaps, has any writer ever surpassed him in polished elegance or graceful tenderness. His morality was that of his age and country—his literary merits were his own. The two first books of the "Elegies" can alone be considered indisputably genuine; the third is certainly spurious, and the authenticity of the fourth is doubtful. The best editions are by Lachmann, Berlin, 1829, and by Dissen, Göttingen, 1835.—G.
TICKELL, Thomas, one of the minor English poets, was born in 1686, at Bridekirk in Cumberland, his father being a clergyman. He was educated at Queen's college, Oxford, where he became master of arts in 1708, and two years afterwards was chosen fellow, obtaining a dispensation from the crown for disregarding the injunction of the statutes in not taking orders. He held his fellowship till 1726, the year of his marriage in Dublin. For his success in life he was largely indebted to Addison, whose favourable notice he secured by some well-written lines on the opera of Rosamond. The gentleness of feeling which is perceptible in all Tickell's best productions, and elegance of taste, would also be recommendations to the goodwill of the kindhearted "Spectator." He was also a whig, and although his "Thoughts on a Picture of Charles I." show great sympathy for the sorrows of "Charles the Good and the Great," his "Epistle to Avignon" declares—
" From James and Rome I feel my heart decline,
And fear, O Brunswick, 'twill be wholly thine!"
His "Prospect of Peace" and "Royal Progress" were written in the Hanoverian cause, and lauded in the Spectator. His translation of the first book of the Iliad, which has a graceful dedication to the memory of the illustrious Halifax, was the unfortunate cause of Pope's quarrel with Addison. The latter having declared that Pope's and Tickell's versions of Homer were both good, but that Tickell's was the best that ever was made, the jealous bard of Twickenham could not forgive the critic, who was punished by the celebrated lines upon Atticus. Tickell accompanied Addison to Ireland, and in 1717 became his under-secretary of state. When the great essayist died he left Tickell the charge of publishing his works, and solemnly recommended him to the patronage of Secretary Craggs. Tickell bemoaned his loss in one of his finest poems, addressed to the earl of Warwick. In 1725 the poet was made secretary to the lords-justices of Ireland, an office of great honour, which he retained till his death, which took place in Bath, April 23, 1740.—R. H.
TICKNOR, George, the historian of Spanish literature, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 1st of August, 1791, and was educated privately, and afterwards at Dartmouth, where he graduated at sixteen. On leaving Dartmouth he studied for three years at home, and then prepared himself for the American bar, to which he was called in 1813. Preferring literature to law, however, and being independent in his circumstances, he quitted his profession, and in 1815 visited Europe. He studied for two years at Göttingen, and spent some time at Madrid, having already acquired a taste for the literature of Spain. He was skilled in the Romance dialect, and had made a considerable collection of Spanish books, when, in 1819, he visited at Abbots-
