and Elizabeth." At this period his health, which had suffered seriously from an illness in 1816, compelled him to abandon the arduous labours of historical research. He employed himself in putting together the results of an inquiry into the truth of the christian religion, which he had pursued for his own satisfaction some years before, and in 1832 published the "Sacred History of the World, as displayed in creation and subsequent events of the deluge." He passed fifteen more tranquil years in his country house at Winchmore Hill, and died at his house in Red Lion Square, on 13th February, 1847.—R. H.
TURNER, Thomas Hudson, an English antiquarian, the son of a journeyman printer, was born in London in 1815. His father died whilst Turner was very young, and the latter was educated at the expense of his father's late master. He began life in a printing-office, but evinced a great aptitude and predilection for antiquarian researches, and educated himself sufficiently to transcribe ancient MSS. He thus became qualified for a post in the record office at the Tower, where he selected and arranged a great number of important papers. He also assisted Mr. Tyrrell, the city remembrancer, in preparing material for a History of London, still unpublished. He edited a volume entitled Early Household Expenses, presented to the Roxburgh Club, and was afterwards appointed secretary to the Archæological Institute. He was also the author of an uncompleted book upon the "Domestic Architecture of England from the Conquest to the end of the thirteenth century," and contributed papers to the Archæological Journal and to the Archæologica Æliana. He died on the 17th of June, 1852.—F.
TURNER, William, an English divine, physician, and naturalist, was born at Morpeth, Northumberland, about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and was educated at Cambridge, where he was chosen fellow of Pembroke about 1531. He soon developed considerable taste for botany, a science then almost unknown, and he derives his principal fame from the works which he wrote subsequently upon it. He imbibed the principles of the Reformation, and was imprisoned by Bishop Gardiner for propagating the new doctrines. He afterwards went to the continent, where he pursued his botanical studies. He took the degree of M.D. at Ferrara, and benefited by the instruction of L. Ghinus at Bologna, and of Gesner at Zurich. Upon the accession of Edward VI. Turner returned to England; became M.D. of Oxford; was appointed physician to the protector, Edward duke of Somerset; and became successively prebend of York, canon of Windsor, and dean of Wells. In 1551 he published the first part of his "History of Plants," the continuation of which was interrupted by the persecutions to which he was subjected upon the accession of Queen Mary. He was again driven to the continent, and there proceeded in his botanical researches. When Queen Elizabeth came to the throne Turner once again came to his native country, and was restored to his preferments. He dedicated the first complete edition of his "Herbal," published in 1558, to the queen, and therein acknowledges her favours in restoring him and protecting him. Subjoined to this "Herbal" is a work on the baths of England, Germany, and Italy. He was also the author of a treatise on the nature of the wines used commonly in England, and of a work on birds. He contributed a letter, inserted in the Historia Animalium of Gesner, on English fishes. He was the author of a number of treatises against popery. He also collated the translation of the Bible with Hebrew, Greek, and Latin copies, and corrected it, and translated several Latin works.—F.
TURPIN or TILPIN (Latin, Turpinus), a Benedictine monk of the convent of St. Denis, near Paris, who was raised by Charlemagne to the archbishopric of Rheims in 773. A Latin poem descriptive of Charlemagne's life, entitled "Historia de Vitâ Caroli Magni et Rolandi," was long attributed to this prelate, but it now appears that he died before the period of Charlemagne's death, which is described in the poem. The poem is highly interesting, and is printed in S. Schardius and Reuben's Collections of Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, as well as by Ciampi at Florence in 1822 and 1823.—F.
TURPIN DE CRISSÉ, Lancelot, Comte de Crissé, a celebrated French writer on tactics, born about 1715 in La Beauce, of a noble family. Having entered the army when young, he obtained a company in 1734, and ten years afterwards a regiment of hussars. He distinguished himself at the head of this regiment in the war between Italy and Germany; but in the midst of a successful career he astonished all his friends by suddenly renouncing the world and entering the monastery of La Trappe. The austerities of that retreat, however, proved to be too severe for him, and leaving the monastery he married the daughter of the Maréchal de Lavendahl. In 1754, in conjunction with Castilhon, Turpin published "Amusements Philosophiques et Littéraires de deux Amis." During the same year he also published "The Essay on the Art of War," his greatest work, which was translated into German by the express orders of Frederick the Great of Prussia. It was also translated into English by Captain Otway. In 1757 Turpin rejoined the army; in 1761 he was appointed maréchal-de-camp; in 1771 he was made a commander of the order of St Louis; he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general in 1780; and in the following year received the appointment of governor of Fort Scarpe at Douai. He was one of the emigration, and is supposed to have died in Germany in such obscurity that neither the time nor place of his death are known. His principal works besides those mentioned above, are—"Commentaires sur les Mémoires de Montécucculi;" "Commentaires sur les Institutions de Végèce;" "Commentaires de Cæsar, avec des notes historiques, critiques et militaires."—W. J. P.
TURRELL or TURREAU, Pierre (in Latin Turellus), a native of Dijon, was a celebrated astrologer, and lived in the reigns of Louis XII. and Francis I. He was rector of the college of Dijon. The famous Castellan, who became his colleague, had previously been one of his pupils. Turrell passed for a soothsayer and master of the black art, and was at one time overtaken and put on his trial by the offended justice of the time. He was very near being condemned as a violator of the human and divine laws—a sentence which, it is said, would almost certainly have been passed against him, but for the eloquent and powerful pleading of his friend Castellan. He was author of several works—"Le Période du Monde," a prediction of the future history of the world, based on astrological calculations; "Fatale précision par les Astres et disposition d' icelles sur la région de Jupiter, maintenant appellée, Bourgoigne pour l'an 1529, et pour plusieurs années subséquentes;" "l'Histoire de Bourgoigne et une Table Chorographique du même païs." This astrologist must not be confounded with another Pierre Turrel, who was an avocat in the parliament of Paris, and author of a book entitled Contra Hottomanni Franco-Galliam, and published in 1575.
TURRETIN, Benedict, a Genevan divine, and the first celebrated name of a celebrated family, was born on the 9th November, 1588. His father, Francis Turretin, was descended from an ancient Italian family, and had been driven on account of his protestant faith from Lucca, his native town. After a residence of some continuance, first at Antwerp, and afterwards at Geneva, he settled finally at Zurich, where he died. His son Benedict, respecting whose youth we have not much information, was appointed professor of theology at Geneva in 1621. He was also at the same time one of the ministers of the city. The duke of Savoy having about this time assumed a threatening attitude towards the republic on account of her extraordinary levies, Turretin was sent on a mission to the Low Countries to obtain their support. The states-general advanced thirty thousand livres, and promised ten thousand per month for three months in case of a siege. Turretin was very graciously received by the prince of Orange, of whom he had several audiences. It is said that he expressed himself strongly against the harsh treatment which the Arminians were then receiving in Holland. Two years before this (1620) he had been deputed to the synod held at Alais for the purpose of considering the decisions of the synod of Dort. He returned to Geneva from the Low Countries in June, 1622, and continued in the discharge of his pastoral and professorial duties till his death in 1631. Turretin was distinguished for his learning, moderation, and judgment. His published works are—"A Defence of the Geneva translation of the Bible against the attack of Father Cotton in his Geneve Plagiare," 1618 and 1620;" "Sermons on the use of Chastisement," in French; and "Sermons," in Italian. Turretin was succeeded in the chair of theology at Geneva by Frederick Spanheim.
TURRETIN, Francis, the author of the celebrated "Institutio Theologicæ Elencticæ," was born at Geneva on the 17th of October, 1623. He was a very distinguished student in humanity and philosophy. His professors in theology proper and the kindred studies were John Diodati, Theodore Tronchin, Frederick Spanheim, and Alexander Morus. After completing his course of divinity, he set out on his travels, and visited Hol-
