the death of Victor III. He was chosen pope, 1088, although the antipope, Clement III., was still living, and had a considerable party at Rome. In his reign began the crusades, which he strenuously encouraged. At a council which was held at Bari in 1097 he attempted a union of the Greek and Roman churches, but without success. In his zeal to strengthen the papal supremacy he opposed Henry IV. of Germany, whom he frequently excommunicated. He even stirred up Henry's son, Conrad, to rebel against his father; and the ungrateful young man took the oath of allegiance to Urban at Cremona, 1095, in return for which he was promised the imperial throne. The pope was also involved in a dispute with Philip I. of France, whom he excommunicated in 1094, because he had divorced his wife Bertha, 1092, and married another. The antipope, Clement III., was another opponent whom he repeatedly excommunicated together with his adherents in several synods, and for the last time at a Roman synod in 1099. Urban died in the same year. He was a powerful supporter of the hierarchy, freeing the popes from the necessity of obtaining imperial sanction to their election, renewing the laws enjoining celibacy, and forbidding bishops and priests to take the oath of allegiance to princes, or to receive offices from the hands of laymen.
Urban III. (Lambert or Hubert Crivelli) was a native of Milan, of which place he was made bishop by Pope Lucius III., and a cardinal in 1182. In 1185 he was chosen pope. Finding it impossible to live peaceably at Rome, he removed his court to Vienna. With Frederick I., emperor of Germany, he had many disputes, but he was always worsted by the Germans adhering to their sovereign. He durst not pronounce sentence of excommunication against the emperor; nor could he do anything against the Milan bishops who had crowned Frederick and his son as emperor and king, respectively. He died at Ferrara in 1187, through grief at the loss of Jerusalem, which was taken by the Saracens.
Urban IV. (Jacques Pantaleon), son of a shoemaker at Troyes, was first a canon in his native place, then bishop of Laon, and subsequently patriarch of Jerusalem. In 1261 he was chosen pope at Viterbo. Manfred was then king of Sicily and Apulia, and the head of the Ghibellines. Against him Urban preached a crusade; but when he found that the king was marching against him in alliance with his own rebellious subjects at Rome, he summoned to his aid Charles of Anjou and fled to Orvieto. Charles accepted the offer made to him, by which he was to receive the crown of Sicily and Apulia as a fief of the Roman see. But the pope died at Perugia in 1264, as Charles was preparing to attack Manfred; and the latter conquered almost all the territory of the church.
Urban V. (Guillaume de Grimoard), a native of France, was a Benedictine monk, and taught in that capacity at Montpelier, till he was elected pope in 1362. He was the first on the papal throne who consecrated a golden rose, which he sent as a present to Queen Joanna of Naples, and he was the last who resided at Avignon. Having surmounted the obstacles which the king of France put in the way of his going to Rome, he made his entry into the metropolis amid great demonstrations of joy in 1367, and next year received a visit there from Charles IV. and his queen. In 1369 the Greek emperor, John Palæologus, came to Rome to solicit help against the Turks, but returned without receiving any. Urban returned to Avignon, and died there in 1370, after a pontificate of eight years and two months. He was a humane, just, and generous man, who distinguished himself by befriending the people and punishing their oppressors. He was also a decided enemy to nepotism; a patron of learning, supporting a thousand students annually at his own expense; a reformer of abuses among the clergy, and inflexibly just in his proceedings. He was the first that adorned the statue of St. Peter with a triple crown.
Urban VI. (Bartolomeo Perignano), was born at Naples, and was afterwards archbishop of Bari. In 1378 he was elected pope, and was obliged to promise the cardinals that he would reside at Rome, not at Avignon. Immediately after his elevation, he conducted himself with so much haughtiness and severity towards the cardinals that they left Rome and went to Anagni, where they excommunicated him, and chose Clement VII. as pope. The latter obtained the approbation of several European princes; but most stood firm by Urban, among them Charles IV., emperor of Germany. His haughtiness, however, alienated some of his friends, among others Queen Joanna of Naples, who had supported him with an army. He crowned Charles of Durazzo king of Sicily, but had to maintain him by the aid of an army. After the latter had been settled on the throne of Naples, he was not very willing to fulfil all his promises, so that disputes arose between him and Urban, chiefly at Nocera. But though the two parties were reconciled, they did not continue friendly. Urban accused Charles of being privy to a conspiracy entered into by the cardinals against him, excommunicated the king, and caused six cardinals to be put to death in 1385. Besieged by Charles in Nocera, he was with difficulty released, and went to the coast of Paestum, where he embarked in a Genoese squadron. From Genoa he went to Lucca in 1386. Availing himself of Charles' absence in Hungary, he attempted to enter Naples, but was abandoned by his troops, whom he was unable to pay. He was therefore compelled to return to Rome in 1388, where he died in the following year, of poison as it is supposed. Urban VI. was a disgrace to the papal chair; a proud, cruel, violent, unjust man.
Urban VII. (John Baptista Castagna) was professor of civil and canon law, and archbishop of Rossano. After being employed by several popes on different errands in Germany and Spain, he became a cardinal in 1583. In 1590 he was elected pope. He died thirteen days after his nomination, without having been consecrated, and was succeeded by Gregory XIV.
Urban VIII. (Maffeo Barberini) was born at Florence in 1568. After studying at Rome and Bologna, he was promoted to several offices of trust under Sixtus V., Gregory XIV., and Clement VIII. In 1604 he was elected archbishop of Nazareth, and went as ambassador to Paris, where he laboured much for the restoration of the Jesuits. In 1605 he became cardinal presbyter, in 1608 archbishop of Spoleto, and in 1623 he was elevated to the see of St. Peter. Urban was unsuccessful in his attempt against Duke Edward of Parma, whom he pronounced a rebel. The latter was supported by Venice, Tuscany, and Modena, and defeated the papal army. Hence the pope was compelled to give back the duchy of Castro in 1644. In 1631 the duchy of Urbino was added to the papal territory. Urban gave the title of eminence to the cardinals, renewed the bull in cæna Domini, improved the Breviarium Romanum, (1632), erected the Propaganda college (1627), condemned Galileo's astronomical system, and the Augustinus of Jansen, &c. He died in 1644, after reigning twenty-one years. He was a learned and able man, a patron of the arts and sciences, and a poet. Yet he abandoned the management of civil affairs too much to his nephews, who hated Spain and made use of France as a check to its pride. He showed an excessive concern for the interests of his relations, which may be called the only public failing in his character; for he was, on the whole, a mild, tolerant, and friendly man. His poems were published at Rome, 1631; and by Brown, at Oxford, 1726. Luke Wadding has written his life in the first part of Sagittarius' Introductio in Historiam Ecclesiasticam.—S. D.
URBANUS was deputed in the year 370 by the catholics, along with Theodorus and Menedemus to the Emperor Valens, then in Nicomedia, to complain of the conduct of the Arians. The three deputies were sent back in an unballasted ship, which the sailors when they had got well out to sea abandoned, after they had set it on fire. The Greeks hold a festival in honour of these martyrs, as they are called, on the 18th of May; and of the Latins some on the 3rd July, and others on the 5th of September.—R. M., A.
URCEUS, Antonio, surnamed Codrus, from the reply he made to the prince of Forli, who, meeting him on the road, recommended himself to him; Jupiter, said Urceus, Codro se commendat. He was born at Herberia, a small town in the territory of Reggio. His father who from the deepest poverty had risen to a respectable station, gave him an excellent education. He studied under the best masters at Modena and Ferrara, and afterwards settled at Forli as professor of polite literature. After the death of the prince of Forli and of his son Ginibaldo, which events happened within a short time of each other, Codrus removed to Bologna, where he remained till his death in 1550, teaching Latin, Greek, and rhetoric. He was a very eccentric man, of a weakly body and irascible temper, and a great doubter, as it was said, of the fundamental truths of religion; though when he came to die he swallowed the whole creed and received the sacrament very devoutly. His works were first printed at Bologna in 1502. A second edition appeared at Venice in 1506, a third at Paris in 1515, and a fourth by Henry Petri,
