to the university; ann. Dom. 1638. Reprinted in 1646, and again, if we mistake not, by Pickering. The notes were added by George Herbert to qualify some of the more objectionable passages.—R. M., A.
VALDÉS LEAL, Juan de, an eminent Spanish painter, was born at Cordova in 1630. He was a pupil of A. Castillo, and settled at Seville, where in 1662 he was appointed director of the newly founded Academy. He was president of the Academy from 1663 to 1666. Valdés Leal was the contemporary, and regarded as the rival, of Murillo, but he was a very inferior painter. After the death of Murillo he was looked upon as the head of the school of Seville, and he is by some writers spoken of as the last of the great painters of that school. He painted both in oil and fresco, and most of the churches of Seville, and some of those in Cordova and San Ildefonso, contained pictures by him. His chief works are in the cathedral of Seville, where are his great picture of the "Marriage of the Virgin," the "Death of S. Lorenzo," and several others; and in La Caridad of the same city, which contains among others his "Triumph of Time." This some describe as a work of great power and beauty, but Ford calls it "a disgusting picture." Valdés Leal was fond of painful subjects, and he painted them so as to give prominence to what any but a Spanish painter would endeavour to conceal. He painted rapidly in a coarse, vigorous manner, but was deficient in the wonderful grace and refinement which are seldom wanting in the religious pictures of Murillo. He died 14th October, 1691.—J. T—e.
VALDO. See Waldo.
VALÈE, Sylvain-Charles, Count, Marshal, a distinguished French general, was born in 1773. He entered the artillery in 1792; distinguished himself at the battles of Wurtzbourg, Maeskirch, and Hohenlinden; and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1804. His services at Eylau and Friedland, and throughout the campaign of 1808, gained him additional honours; and he was rewarded with the rank of general of division for his services in the Peninsular war. On the downfall of Napoleon he was nominated by Louis XVIII. inspector-general of artillery and commander of the legion of honour, and was decorated with the cross of St. Louis. But these favours did not prevent his giving his adherence to the government of Louis Philippe, after the revolution of 1830. He was elevated to the peerage in 1835, and two years later was appointed commander-in-chief of the artillery, in the army sent to Africa, under General Danrèmont, after Marshal Clausel's unsuccessful attack upon Constantine. He took an active part in the siege of that important place; and on the death of General Danrèmont, who was killed by a cannon-ball, the command devolved upon General Valèe, who took the town by storm on the 13th of October. As a reward for his services he was made a marshal and governor of the colony. He discharged the duties of his office with great activity; but the war between the French and Abd-el-Kader was renewed in 1839, and the utmost exertions of Marshal Valèe having failed to subdue the indomitable emir, the government, dissatisfied with his want of success, recalled him in December, 1840, and appointed Marshal Bugeaud as his successor. Marshal Valèe died in 1846.—J. T.
VALENS, Flavius, Emperor of the East, was born about 328. He was the brother of the first Valentinian, by whom he was raised to the throne in 364. The provinces placed under his dominion were Thrace, Asia, and Egypt. In the year after his accession a revolt took place, of which Procopius was the leader. It was speedily suppressed, and Valens treated those of his subjects who had been engaged in it with clemency; but he seized three thousand Goths, who had crossed the Danube to take part in the revolt, and refused to allow them to return. This led to a war with Ermenric, king of the Goths, which Valens conducted with unbroken success, and which was terminated by a treaty making large concessions to the Romans. In consequence of the attempts of Sapor, king of Persia, to get possession of Armenia, a war broke out between the Romans and the Persians in 369, which lasted for eight years, and was concluded by a treaty unfavourable to Rome. In 377 the Goths crossed the Danube, and in the following year Valens was defeated and killed in a battle near Hadrianople.—D. M.
VALENS, Pierre, a learned author and professor, was born in 1561 at Groningen, where he received his education. He went to Paris about the year 1588, and taught for some time, first in the college de Reims, and afterwards in the college de Montaigu. Through the influence of Jean Galland he was subsequently appointed principal of the college de Boncour. He died in 1641 at Paris, where, it is said, he had been the sixteenth professor of the Greek tongue. His works, which are very numerous, are all printed at Paris, and consist principally of orations and panegyrics. He wrote also a good many pieces in verse. The most noteworthy of all his works are the following—"De munere, officioque præceptorum ac discipularum, deque discendi viâ ac ratione," 1602; "De honoris prærogativâ Alexandri Magni, Publii Scipionis Africani, et Hannibalis Pœni certamen," 1607; "De rege ac regno," 1631; "Erricca, sive Henrici IV., Galliarum et Navarræ regis, felix in urbem Parisiorum ingressus;" "Pro Libertate contra Servitutem;" "Lacrymarum Heracliti et risûs Democriti Scena."—R. M., A.
VALENTIA, Gregorio de, a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, was born at Medina del Campo in Old Castile in 1549. He applied himself with extraordinary assiduity to the study of theology, and became one of the ablest divines of his order. He was for some time a professor in the university of Ingolstadt, and while there was engaged in frequent controversies with the protestants. His controversial treatises were collected and published in one volume, folio, at Lyons in 1591. Four other folio volumes, commentaries on the Summa Theologiæ of Thomas Aquinas, appeared in the same year. Valentia went latterly to Rome at the instance of Pope Clement VIII. But his health, which had long felt the pressure of his incessant labours, soon broke down. He went to Naples for change of air, and died there on the 25th of April, 1603.—R. M., A.
VALENTIA, Pedro de, a celebrated Spanish jurist of the sixteenth century, who combined in a remarkable degree the study of polite literature and philosophy with that of jurisprudence. He was a native of Zafra in Andalusia, and lived either there or at Cordova. His commentary on the Academics of Cicero discovers a profound knowledge of the subtilties of the ancient systems of philosophy. It was printed, whether for the first time we cannot say, by Baltazar Plantin at Anvers in 1596. Having become extremely scarce, it was reprinted at London in 1740, by M. Durand, along with the original text and a French translation of the Academics. Since that time it has also found a place in the splendid edition of the philosophical works of Cicero, by the Abbé d'Olivèt. Valentia promised a separate and fuller treatise on the Stoic philosophy, but it is not known whether this promise was ever performed.—R. M., A.
VALENTIN, Moïse, a distinguished French painter, was born in 1600 at Coulommiers (Brie). The name of his master is unknown. He went early to Rome, where he copied the manner of Caravaggio, and became by the admission of Italian critics one of the most successful of the many imitators of that remarkable painter. But, like all imitators, he exaggerated the peculiarities of his master—his careless drawing, violent chiaroscuro, black shadows, and general coarseness. Valentin painted many religious subjects, but in a vulgar, unreverential manner. Of this kind by him in Rome the best are the "Decollation of St. John," in the Sciarra gallery; and the "Denial of St. Peter," in the Corsini palace. He was more at home in drinking, cardplaying, and gipsy scenes, in which his exaggerated expression, loose drawing, and coarse manner seem less incongruous. He died at Rome in 1634, in consequence of plunging into a cold bath when heated by a debauch. The Louvre has seven pictures by Valentin—three religious and four subject pieces.—J. T—e.
VALENTINIAN I., Roman emperor, was born at Cibalis in Pannonia, in 321. He entered the army when young, and filled various offices under Constantinus, Julian, and Jovian. When Jovian died he was at Ancyra, and was chosen emperor by the officers of the army at Nicæa, February, 364. Immediately after his elevation he gave his brother Valens the title of Augustus at Constantinople. After leaving that city the two passed through Hadrianople and other towns to Næsus in Dacia, where the affairs of the empire were settled between them. Valens had the East, and Valentinian the West. The latter, therefore, came to Milan. In 365 he visited different places in northern Italy, and went thence to Gaul, where the Alemanni had made an irruption. Having gone to Rheims and found that this people had retreated, he returned to Paris. But they came back in 366, and defeated the Roman troops. The emperor's general, Jovinus, subsequently routed them. On the 24th of August his son Gratian was declared Augustus at Amiens before the army. From 367 to 372 the emperor was for the most part at Treves, or neighbouring places to which he made excursions.
