of Antwerp, a memorial gift in honour of his father. This picture was engraved by Bolswert, and is now in the gallery of the Antwerp Academy. When in Italy Vandyck became acquainted with the countess of Arundel, who invited him to England. He visited this country a second time in 1630-31, but not meeting the encouragement he expected, he returned to Antwerp. However, in 1632 he received an invitation from Charles I. himself to visit England. He came, and was on that occasion worthily received. He was lodged by the king at Blackfriars, and was granted a pension of £200 a year, with the title of painter to his majesty. He was knighted in 1633. Vandyck spent the remainder of his life in this country, and certainly had a brilliant though short career as a portrait painter. "He always went magnificently dressed, had a numerous and gallant equipage," says Graham, "and kept so good a table in his apartment, that few princes were more visited or better served." He had a country house at Eltham in Kent, where he spent a portion of the summer. About 1640 he married Mary Ruthven, granddaughter of the unfortunate Lord Ruthven, earl of Gowrie—a beautiful girl in the service of Queen Henrietta; and in this year Vandyck visited his native country with her, and afterwards went to Paris, where news of the English revolution hastened his return home. On the 1st of December, 1641, was born his only child, a daughter; and eight days afterwards, on the 9th, Vandyck died in London, in his forty-third year, and was buried in Old St. Paul's, near the tomb of John of Gaunt. Notwithstanding his expensive style of living, Vandyck left property to the value of about £20,000 sterling. His widow married again, and his daughter Justiniana was twice married. He had also a natural daughter at Antwerp, Maria Theresa, for whom he made a proper provision in his will. Of the many magnificent portraits painted by Vandyck, most of the finest are in this country, especially at Windsor castle. At Warwick castle, and at Coome abbey, are also some fine examples. The National gallery possesses one of the finest heads in the world, which is ascribed to Vandyck—the portrait of Cornelius Vander Geest, erroneously called Gevartius.—R. N. W.
VANE, Sir Henry, a statesman who took a prominent part in public affairs during the reign of Charles I., was descended from a family which could trace itself back to the earliest times of English history. They sprang from Howel-ap-Vane of Monmouthshire, whose son Griffith married Lettice, daughter of Bledwin-ap-Kenwyn, lord of Powis. Henry, the representative of the family in 1356, was knighted on the field of Poictiers, as the reward of his remarkable bravery in that battle. Sir Henry was born in 1589, and received knighthood from King James in 1611. He then passed over to the continent, where he spent three years, and acquired a knowledge of many foreign languages. Shortly after his return to England in 1614, he was elected member for Carlisle, which he represented also in the parliaments of 1620 and 1625; and was appointed by James, cofferer to the prince, who continued him in this office on his own accession to the throne, and made him a member of his privy council. In 1631 he was appointed ambassador extraordinary to the courts of Denmark and Sweden, and concluded with these countries treaties of great importance to the interests of England. In 1639 he was made comptroller of the household, and a few months later was appointed principal secretary of state—the highest office in the administration. Throughout the contest between Charles and the parliament. Sir Henry was gradually drawn along in the wake of his illustrious son. He died in 1654. Sir Henry Vane is described by Clarendon as a bustling man, who had "credit enough to do his business in all places, and cared for no man otherwise than as he found it very convenient for himself." He is entitled, however, to high praise as a diplomatist.—J. T.
VANE, Sir Henry, the younger, one of the most influential statesmen of the time of the Commonwealth, was born in 1612, and was the eldest son of the preceding and of Frances Darcy, a lady of an old family in Essex. He was educated at Westminster school along with Haselrig, Scot, and others, who subsequently took an active part in public affairs. For a brief space he entered eagerly into the gaieties in which his youth and station tempted him to indulge, but about the fourteenth or fifteenth year of his age he was brought under religious impressions, which produced an entire change in his character and conduct. His father, who appears to have strongly disapproved of his new course, sent him in the year after its adoption as a gentleman commoner to Magdalen college, Oxford, which he soon quitted for the continent. He spent some time in Geneva, where his religious views were strengthened and extended, and he brought back with him to England, as Clarendon alleges, "a full prejudice and bitterness against the church, both against the form of government and the liturgy." As might have been expected, the elder Vane was alarmed and indignant at the puritanical opinions embraced by his son; and when his own threats and persuasions had proved ineffectual. Laud, then bishop of London, was induced to take the sturdy recusant to task. But young Vane firmly maintained his ground; and feeling keenly the delicacy and difficulty of his position, he suddenly announced his determination to leave his country and settle in the American colonies, "so that he might preserve faith and a good conscience." Vane landed at Boston in New England in 1635. His personal character and abilities, as well as the great sacrifices he had made for conscience' sake, speedily attracted the attention and gained the confidence of the colonists. Soon after his arrival he was admitted to the freedom of Massachusetts, and in 1636, before he had completed his twenty-fourth year, he was elected governor of the colony. In the discharge of the duties of this office he had many serious difficulties to contend with, arising from the peculiar position of the colony, the jealousy and hostility of its chiefs, and especially from the fierce religious controversies which then raged among the inhabitants; but for a time he was able to surmount them all by a rare combination of firmness, conciliation, and wisdom. But he was ultimately involved in the acrimonious disputes which arose in New England in connection with the religious views of the celebrated Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, which Winthrop, the founder and first governor of the colony, and the great body of the clergy denounced as heretical, and attempted to suppress by main force. Vane was a zealous advocate of the great principle of universal toleration, which was then held in abhorrence by all sects both in New England and in the mother country. He therefore warmly espoused Mrs. Hutchinson's cause, and thus drew down upon himself the fierce anger of her opponents. The whole colony was convulsed with the contest; and when the day of the annual election came round. Vane and his friends were ejected from office, and Winthrop, his opponent, was elected governor. Finding his best hopes and purposes baffled, Vane resolved to return home, and in August, 1637, sailed from the shores of New England, leaving behind him a name which, after the heat of the controversy had abated, was venerated even by his bitterest opponents; and by his after conduct he constrained Winthrop to admit, that "though he might have taken occasion against us for some dishonour which he apprehended to have been unjustly put upon him here, yet both now and at other times he hath showed himself a true friend to New England, and a man of a noble and generous mind." Vane lived in retirement for a considerable time after his return to England; but in April, 1640, he was returned for Kingston-upon-Hull, and again, in November of the same year, he was elected a member of the Long parliament, in which, as one of the ablest leaders of the liberal party, he took a prominent part in the proceedings against Lord Strafford. He has been severely and, it must be admitted, to a certain extent justly blamed, for his conduct in taking from his father's cabinet, and putting into the hands of Pym, old Vane's notes of a council at which Strafford had recommended the introduction of the Irish army to reduce England to obedience. The production of this paper on Strafford's trial produced an extraordinary sensation, and contributed greatly to seal his fate. From this time onward the name of Vane appears prominently in all the important measures brought forward by the leaders of the parliament, especially in measures of religious reform. It was he who carried up the impeachment against Laud; he spoke with great effect in favour of the bill against episcopal government; he became a member of the famous Westminster Assembly of divines, in which he was conspicuous for his theological learning and his advocacy of universal toleration. He went hand in hand with Pym and Hampden in the punishment of the tools of the king in his unconstitutional proceedings, the destruction of arbitrary courts, the constitutional settlement of taxation, and in all their other measures of reform. When the final appeal to arms was made. Sir Henry surrendered the patent of joint-treasurer of the navy which he had received from the king, but he was reappointed sole treasurer by the parliament. The emoluments of his office, which in time of war amounted to the enormous sum
