Vaughan's works on religious, ecclesiastical, and social subjects may be mentioned his "Congregationalism, or the Polity of Independent Churches, viewed in relation to the State and the tendencies of Modern Society," and "The Modern Pulpit, viewed in its relation to the state of Society," both published in 1842; "The Age of Great Cities, or Modern Society viewed in its relation to Intelligence, Morals, and Religion," 1843, and "The Age and Christianity," 1849. In this last year selections from his contributions to the British Quarterly Review were published as "Essays on History, Philosophy, and Theology." On the education question Dr. Vaughan has made a decided stand against the pure "voluntaryism" of a prominent member of his own communion, Mr. Edward Baines of Leeds. Dr. Vaughan's historical works include "Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty, from the decease of Elizabeth to the abdication of James II;" "The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell," 1838, diplomatic and other letters illustrative of that period, and edited, with a preliminary essay on Cromwell; the "History of England under the House of Stuart," 1840, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; and a recent elaborate contribution, still uncompleted, to the history of England, "Revolutions in English History," of which two volumes have appeared.—Vaughan, Robert Alfred, son of the preceding, born in 1823, was educated at home, at University college, London, under his father, at the Lancashire Independent college, and completed his studies at Halle. He was for two years assistant to the well-known Rev. William Jay at Bath, and was afterwards for five years minister of an Independent congregation at Birmingham. He died prematurely and full of promise in 1855. His chief work, "Hours with the Mystics," appeared in 1856. He was a contributor to the British Quarterly Review, edited by his father, who published in 1858 his "Essays and Remains," with an interesting memoir of the author.—F. E.
VAUGHAN, William, a learned writer of the sixteenth century, the son of Walter Vaughan of Golden Grove, Caermarthenshire, and younger brother of the first earl of Carbery, patron of Jeremy Taylor, was born in 1577, and was educated at Jesus college, Oxford. He began when only in his fifteenth year an English paraphrase of Persius. He studied the law, took his doctor's degree, and settled at Newfoundland. He was the author of a Latin translation of the Song of Solomon and some of the Psalms, 1597; "Varia Poemata de Sphærarum ordine," 1589; "Poemata," in praise of the earl of Essex, 1598; "Cambrensium Caroleia," &c., a poem on the nuptials of Charles I.; "The Golden Grove" moralized; and "The Golden Fleece," &c. The date of his death is not known.—F.
VAUQUELIN, Jean, Sieur de la Fresnaie au Sauvage, de Sassy, Boessey, les Yveteaux, les Aulnez, et d'Arry, a French poet, was born at La Fresnaie, near Falaise in Normandy, in 1535 or 1536. His family name was perhaps derived from the Val d'Eclin, then corrupted to Vauc-Elin, where his ancestors had lived. They followed, as we learn from one of Vauquelin's satires, William the Conqueror into England, and afterwards intermarried with many noble families in France. The poet's father, who was a soldier, died at thirty years of age, and left him an only child, and heir to an estate deeply involved, which, however, his mother by her prudence and economy subsequently freed from all incumbrances. He was sent very young to Paris, where he studied first under Buguet, and afterwards under the celebrated scholars, Turnebus and Muretus. It was while living in the capital that he made the acquaintance of the famous poets., Baïf and Bellay—
" Je connoissoy Baïf et Ronsard j'adoroy,
Du Bellay, qui m'etoit plus counu, j'adoroy."
In his eighteenth year he made an excursion along with Grimoult and Fontaine to the banks of the Loire, the Sarte, and the Mayenne. In Angers he saw Tahureau, and in Poitou, Scaevole de St. Marthe, both of whom he speaks of in his poems with much enthusiasm. His passion for poesy was now at its height. In 1515 he published at Poitiers his "Deux livres de Foresteries," which he dedicated to M. Duval, bishop of Sées. Having returned home Vauquelin was made first king's advocate of the bailiwick of Caen; then lieutenant-general, on the resignation of Charles de Bourgueville, who soon after became his father-in-law; and finally president of a court of judicature called the Presidial at Caen. This last place he held till his death in 1606. During the troubles in France he had many enemies, but he was protected by the governors of the province (Normandy), who frequently employed him in matters requiring the strictest secrecy and honour. He tells us (for he has a habit of putting the reader in his confidence) that he was of a moderate stature, of a somewhat jovial disposition, bald, a little inclined to be choleric, but soon pacified. Vauquelin's poems were published in a collected form in 1612, under the title of "Les diverses poësies du Sieur de la Fresnaye Vauquelin." They consist of the "Art Poetique," in three books; satires, idyls, epigrams, epitaphs, and sonnets; besides the "Foresterie" already mentioned. The idyls are by much the best of his works.—R. M., A.
VAUQUELIN, Nicholas, a French chemist, was born in Normandy about the year 1760. His parents, who were in very humble circumstances, could give him little education; but Fourcroy, accidentally meeting with the poor peasant boy, was so pleased both with his abilities and character as to take him to Paris and employ him in his laboratory. He soon acquired a good knowledge of chemistry, and became noted for his skill in experimenting, and especially in analytical operations. After the restoration of the scientific institutions, temporarily closed during the Reign of Terror, Vauquelin became a member of the Institute, chemist to the School of Mines, and assay-master at the mint. Besides this, he gave private lectures on chemistry, and received practical pupils in his laboratory. This establishment was large enough for manufacturing operations, as Vauquelin prepared for sale both medicinal bodies and reagents, especially phosphorus. After a life passed in incessant chemical labours, he died in 1829. He discovered two elementary bodies—chromium, in the red lead ore of Siberia; and the earth glucina, which had previously been confounded with alumina. He improved the art of chemical analysis, introducing a higher degree of simplicity and precision. But this particular branch of research, however indispensable to the progress of science, presents no features of general interest. Hence we shall not give the titles of the vast number of papers which he contributed to the scientific journals. Vauquelin was mild, generous, and amiable, and passed safely through all the convulsions of the Revolution without a stain upon his character.—J. W. S.
VAUVENARGUES, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de, a French moral philosopher, born at Aix-a-Provence, on the 6th August, 1715. At the age of seventeen he entered the army, and served in the Italian campaign as sub-lieutenant in 1734. He contrived to continue his studies through all the tumult of a camp life, and supported with courage the campaign of Italy, and also that of Germany in 1741, but at the expense of his health. At the early age of twenty-seven, enfeebled by hardships of various kinds, he was obliged to leave the army. Whilst waiting for the result of an application for employment in the diplomatic service, he was seized with small-pox, which prostrated him. In deep seclusion, and in brief intervals of intense pain, Vauvenargues wrote his most beautiful pages, and allowed his intellect to take its loftiest flights. He did not believe in the christian doctrines, but in a mystic philosophy, which, however, admitted the existence of a God. His principal works were the "Introduction à la connaissance de l'esprit humain;" and the "Maximes," which gained for him his greatest success. Vauvenargues died in 1747.—W. J. P.
VAUVILLIERS, Jean François, a French scholar, born at Noyers in Burgundy in 1737. Having been one of the librarians of the royal library of Paris, he was in 1766 appointed professor of Greek in the collége de France, and devoted himself assiduously to the study of Greek literature and history, as his works on these subjects amply testify. During the Revolution, which made him abandon his literary and academical pursuits, he was successively president of the quarter of St. Genevieve, first deputé suppleant of Paris to the states-general, president of the communauté, lieutenant to the mayor of Paris, and prevôt des marchands. He was at one time arrested, but obtained his liberation, and afterwards became a member of the council of the Five Hundred. Some pamphlets, however, which he published brought him again into difficulties. He was sentenced to deportation, but contrived to escape to Switzerland, whence he went in a short time to Russia, on the invitation of the Emperor Paul. He was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, where he died on the 23rd July, 1801.—R. M., A.
VAUX, Noel Jourda, Count de, a marshal of France, was descended from a reduced branch of the ancient and noble family of Jourda, and was born in 1705. He entered the army in 1724 as lieutenant, and in 1734 attained the rank of captain. In
