was made a canon of Paris, chancellor of the university on the 12th of the same month two years later, and in 1728 grand chorister or precentor. He resigned the last office on the 10th November, 1739, and died in the cloister of l'église de Paris on the 30th of the same month Vivant wrote "Un Traité contre la pluralité des bénéfices," Paris, 1710, against the Latin work of the Abbé Boileau on the same subject. His other principal work is entitled "De la vraie maniere de contribuer à réunion de l'église Anglicane a l'église Catholique, ou examen de différens endroits de deux livres; l'un intitulé, Dissertation sur la validité des ordinations des Anglois, &c., l'autre, Défense de la dissertation," &c., Paris, 1728. Vivant had also a principal share in the drawing up of the Missal and Breviary published during the episcopate of the cardinal above named.—R. M., A.
VIVARES, François, a celebrated engraver, was born at Lodève (Hèrault), July 11, 1709. He was brought to London in 1718, and worked for some years as a tailor, but learned engraving of J. B. Chatelain, and became one of the best landscape engravers of his day. His prints are very numerous. The best are those he engraved after Claude and Poussin. Several are from the pictures of Gainsborough, Wright of Derby, and other contemporary painters. His etchings of foliage are admirable for their spirit, freedom, and lightness. Vivares kept a print shop at No. 12 Great Newport Street. He died on the 26th of November, 1780.—J. T—e.
VIVARINI, The, distinguished painters of Murano, near Venice:—Antonio Vivarini was distinguished at Venice in the middle of the fifteenth century. He was the scholar of Andrea da Murano, and painted some works in company with Joannes de Alemania, and was a good colourist. Several of his pictures are still preserved, painted between 1444-51.—Bartolomeo Vivarini, Antonio's brother, painted between 1459 and 1498, and has the credit of having executed (in 1473) the first oil-picture painted in Venice, having acquired the new method from Antonello da Messina, who had just then established himself in Venice. The picture, representing Sant' Agostino and other saints, is still in the church of S. S. Giovanni e Paolo. The National gallery possesses a signed tempera picture by Bartolomeo.—Luigi Vivarini, of the same family, painted in 1490. Several of his pictures, very richly coloured, are preserved in the academy of Venice; they are the most advanced of the works of the Vivarini, who were all scholars of Andrea da Murano, and are the pioneering efforts of that style of the "Quattrocento" masters, which we see carried to perfection in the works of Basaiti, Cima, and G. Bellini, in the London National gallery.—R. N. W.
VIVES, Juan Luis, a Spanish scholar, born at Valencia in 1492. He studied at Louvain, and became professor of Latin at that university, where he formed the friendship of Erasmus and Budæus. Here he edited Augustine's De Civitate Dei, and wrote a book entitled "Liber in Pseudo-Dialecticos," against the schoolmen. About 1523 he came to England, and was intrusted with the education of the Princess Mary. He was admitted to the degree of doctor of laws, and read lectures on law and humanity in the university of Oxford. He offended the king by opposing his divorce from Catherine of Arragon. He was imprisoned for six months, and afterwards withdrew to Bruges, where he resided until his death in 1540. His works, chiefly written during his residence at Bruges, comprehend a wide range of questions in philology, philosophy, and divinity.—F. M. W.
VIVIAN, Richard Hussey Vivian, first baron, a distinguished military officer, was the son of John Vivian, vice-president of the Stannaries, and was born in 1775. He entered the army as an ensign in 1793, and in the same year served on the coast of France under Lord Moira. In 1794-95 he took part in the operations in the Netherlands; was then sent to Gibraltar, where he remained two years; and in 1799 served in Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby and the duke of York, and took part in several encounters between the British and the French troops. In 1804 he was advanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and in 1808 he took part in Sir John Moore's expedition to Spain, and commanded the rear guard in the retreat to Corunna. In 1812 he received the brevet rank of colonel, and in the following year joined the army of the duke of Wellington in the Peninsula. He was immediately appointed to a brigade of cavalry, took part in the battles of Sahagun and Orthes, and in the advance upon Toulouse (in which he was severely wounded), and, in the words of the duke, "made a most gallant attack upon a superior body of the enemy's cavalry, which he drove through the village of Croix d'Orade." On his return to England he received the rank of major-general, served in Flanders in 1815, and was present at the battle of Waterloo, where he commanded the 6th brigade of cavalry. In 1820 General Vivian was elected member of parliament for Truro, and in subsequent parliaments represented Windsor, and East Cornwall. He was created a baronet in 1828, attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1830, was nominated in 1831 commander of the forces in Ireland, was appointed master-general of the ordnance in 1835, and colonel of the 1st dragoons in 1837. He retired from parliament in 1841, was shortly after created a peer, and died in 1842, leaving a numerous family.—J. T.
VIVIANI, Vincenzo, an Italian mathematician and engineer, was born of a good family at Florence on the 5th of April, 1622, and died there on the 22nd of September, 1703. He was a disciple of Galileo, and afterwards of Torricelli, and from 1662 to 1666 was chief engineer to the grand duke of Tuscany. He devoted much labour to the ancient Greek geometry. In 1645-46 he published a hypothetical restoration of the Loci Solidi of Aristæus, and in 1658 a restoration of the fifth book of Apollonius on conic sections, which has been thought to surpass the original book.—W. J. M. R.
VLADIMIR the Great, the first christian sovereign of Russia, and a saint in the Russian calendar, was great-grandson of Rurik, the founder of the dynasty. On the death of his father, Sviatoslaf, in 970, he inherited a third part of the kingdom, and began to reign at Novgorod. His elder brother Yaropolk, who ruled in Kieff, having conquered and slain another brother, Oleg, seized upon Novgorod. Vladimir fled for refuge to the tribes of Northmen, from among whom Rurik had set out on his adventures. With the aid of these daring warriors he overcame Kieff, and putting Yaropolk to death, remained sole master of the whole of his father's dominions. Fearing the turbulence of his powerful succourers from the North, he urged them to go still further southward. They followed his advice, and ultimately formed the celebrated Varangian body guard of the Byzantine emperors. Vladimir slaked his warlike zeal on his nearest neighbours, and extended his frontier along the shores of the Baltic to Lithuania and Poland, along the shores of the Black sea so as to include the Crimea and part of Bulgaria, and towards the East as far as the Volga. His prowess brought him proposals of amity from the Byzantines, with profilers of the new religion to which his grandmother Olga had been converted. He was not indifferent to Christianity, but with characteristic wiliness resolved to know more about the subject than he did, before accepting any terms. He sent embassies to various parts of Europe, from whom he received reports of what they saw and heard. Having determined to choose the Greek form of Christianity, he carried out his rough notion of obtaining what he wanted by conquest, as a true Northman should. He besieged and captured Theodosia in the Taurida, and made peace with the Emperors Constantius and Basil, on condition of marrying their sister Anna, and of being baptized. He broke down the idols of his subjects with merciless zeal, and imported with his Greek wife not only a milder religion, but letters and many of the arts of civilization. He built and endowed churches and seminaries. In 1011 he lost his wife Anna, for whom he had abandoned six pagan wives and an incredible number of concubines. A favourite son died, too, and the last years of the great prince were further embittered by the revolt of another son. While marching to put down the rebellion of the latter, Vladimir died in 1015.—R. H.
VOET, Gisbert, usually called Voetius, an eminent Dutch divine of the seventeenth century, was born at Heusde, March 3, 1589, and was educated in the university of Leyden. During his theological course he lectured in the university on logic, and had the celebrated Burgersdyck for one of his pupils. Having completed his course in 1611 he was ordained to the ministry, and became pastor first at Vlymen, and afterwards at Heusde, where he continued to labour with great zeal and ability for seventeen years. In 1619 he attended the synod of Dort, where he gave a powerful support to the Gomarists against the remonstrants or Arminians. In 1634 he was appointed to a chair of theology in Utrecht, and in this office he continued till his death in 1676. He was one of the most copious of the divines of his age, and was engaged in incessant controversies with papists, Arminians, Cartesians, and Cocceians. He attacked the philosophy of Des Cartes with violence, under the conviction that its principles tended to impiety; and as Cocceius and his
