where he was named in 1802 professor of mathematical and physical science. He died in 1803, leaving behind him a quantity of MSS., of which there have been published a "Treatise on the Glaciers of the Tyrol;" a "Hand-book of Mechanics;" and an account of the principal works executed on the Danube.—F. M. W.
WALCKENDORF, Christoph, a Danish statesman, born at Copenhagen about 1525 of a noble family. He was appointed at an early age governor of the province of Bergen, and soon after the accession of Frederick II. (1558) he was appointed grand treasurer, and charged with the finances of the whole kingdom, which he administered with admirable skill. On the death of Frederick he was named one of the four regents during the minority of Christian IV. He distinguished himself by his sound economical views, and by his careful patronage of learning, though his own education had been neglected. He died in 1601.—F. M. W.
WALDECK, Christian August, Prince of, a descendant of one of those dukes of Saxony who fought against Charlemagne, was born in 1744. He entered the Austrian army, and distinguished himself in the wars against the Turks. In 1792 he commanded a part of the imperial armies in the wars against the French during the Revolution, and in 1793 directed the passage of the imperial troops over the Rhine, near Selz, for the purpose of attacking the famous lines of Weissenburg, in conjunction with the Austrian Marshal Wurmser and the Prussian Field-marshal Kalckreuth It is supposed that this brilliant attack, which resulted in a general rout of the French, was planned as well as, in great part, executed by him. Another achievement was the capture of Kehl, opposite Strasburg; and in the command of the army in Flanders he displayed such consummate ability, that he was appointed a member of the military council of Vienna. In 1797 he went to Lisbon at the request of the prince-regent to assume the command of the Portuguese army, but he died in 1798 before he had time to carry out his plans for its reorganization. His great-grandson, Prince George Victor, born in 1831, still reigns over the little principality, comprising about fifty-seven thousand inhabitants.—F. M. W.
WALDEGRAVE, James, second earl, was born in 1715, and succeeded to the peerage in 1741, on the death of his father the first earl, who had been ambassador at Paris and Vienna. He acquired the favour and confidence of George II., who made him a lord of the bed-chamber, conferred on him lucrative appointments, and prevailed on him, against his will, to accept in 1752 the office of governor to the young prince of Wales, afterwards George III. He resigned the post in 1756. In the same year George II., determined to get rid of Pitt and Temple, took Lord Waldegrave into his confidence, and committed to him the negotiations for the formation of a new ministry after the dismissal of Pitt and Temple in the March of 1757. Waldegrave himself was to have been first lord of the treasury, with Fox for his chancellor of the exchequer. The scheme failed, however, and the Newcastle-Pitt ministry of 1757 acceded to power. Lord Waldegrave died in 1763. His "Memoirs from 1754 to 1758" were published in 1821. They give a good and faithful account of the ministerial negotiations in which he was concerned, and contain some interesting and animated sketches of the leading statesmen of the period.—F. E.
WALDEMAR I., surnamed the Great, King of Denmark, was the son of Knud, duke of Schleswig, and born in 1131. His reign dates from the battle of Viborg, where he defeated Sweyn, who also claimed the kingdom, and by which victory Waldemar was securely seated on the throne. This battle was fought in 1157. One of the chief events of Waldemar's reign was his campaigns against the Wends, a Slavonian race in the north-eastern part of Germany, who had been in the habit of ravaging the coasts of Denmark, and whom it was therefore a matter of paramount interest to subdue. His efforts were successful; and in the end the Wends of Mecklenburg and Pomerania acknowledged the Danish monarch as their sovereign. But Waldemar was no mere warrior; he was also distinguished as a legislator, and he raised the country over which he ruled from a state of degradation to one of internal order and external dignity. His death occurred in 1182, and the love and reverence of his people followed him even to the tomb; for when the royal remains were conveyed to Ringstedt, we are told that the peasants spontaneously bore the bier, lamenting that death had robbed them of him who was alike the terror of the Wends and the shield of Denmark.—J. J.
WALDEMAR II., surnamed Seier, or the Victorious, King of Denmark, was the second son of Waldemar I., and ascended the throne on the death of his brother Knud in 1203. The first part of his reign consisted of a series of military successes in North Germany, Esthonia, and the neighbouring countries, which justly acquired for him the name he bears. He finally established the authority of Denmark among the Wends, who were still but too prone to rebel against their new masters; and he partly realized the grand idea of founding a Baltic empire, of which Denmark should be the centre and the ruling power. The subjugation of Livonia in 1219 crowned all his previous achievements, and he was now at the very summit of prosperity, when an unexpected incident occurred that robbed him of the fruits of his entire victories. Henry, count of Schwerin, took revenge for some fancied injury, by treacherously surprising Waldemar while hunting on the island of Lyö, near Funen, and carrying him off a prisoner. The Danish monarch remained in captivity three years, and was only released, in 1225, on the payment of an enormous ransom. Meanwhile, during the monarch's enforced absence, all became confusion and disorder in Denmark, while the new conquests north of the Elbe were lost. The Slavonic provinces of Pomerania asserted their liberty, and Livonia and Esthonia were freed from dependence on the crown. Throughout the remainder of his reign, so marked by great external reverses, Waldemar applied himself with praiseworthy diligence to the internal administration of the realm. He died, at the age of seventy, in 1241.—J. J.
WALDEMAR III., surnamed Atterdag, King of Denmark, was the son of Christopher II., and was called to the throne in 1340. At the time of his accession the prospect before him was of the gloomiest character; there was virtually no monarchy; there were no revenues; and the disorder of many years had caused the laws to be forgotten. But Waldemar was every way fit to grapple with such a state of affairs. He laboured with ceaseless diligence to restore internal prosperity to the kingdom, and had the satisfaction of seeing his efforts produce the desired result. Externally, too, he once more consolidated the realm, aggrandized the possessions of the Danish crown, and again gave Denmark place and power among the northern nations. This great sovereign died in 1375.—J. J.
WALDKIRCH, Esther Elizabeth von, a Swiss female mathematician, pupil of James Bernoulli, lived towards the beginning of the eighteenth century. She was the daughter of Johann Rudolf von Waldkirch, professor of law in the university of Basle, and was blind from her birth.—W. J. M. R.
WALDMANN, Johann, born about 1426, was the son of poor parents, and learned the trade of a tanner at Zurich, of which city he obtained the freedom, and became a magistrate in 1454. He achieved distinction in the wars of Burgundy, and is said to have been the chief means of gaining the battle of Nancy. He was named one of the ambassadors of the Swiss to Louis XI., and subsequently to the pope. But the object of his ambition was the chief magistracy of Zurich, and in 1483 he was elected burgomaster. In this position he commenced numerous reforms, which apparently were in advance of the intelligence of the people. He restrained the privileges of the clergy, forbade acquisitions in mortmain, and obtained from Innocent VIII. various guarantees for the rights of the civil government. He promoted agriculture by various means, and increased the number and importance of the burgesses, thus limiting the power of the nobles. He also greatly improved the police of the canton The enmity awakened by these reforms was increased by jealousy of his great and increasing influence in the Helvetic diet. The execution of a Lucerne merchant for opposition to some of his measures, and an unpopular edict for the destruction of dogs, gave occasion for a general rising of the villages on the borders of the lake, and the city was besieged by seven thousand peasants, who demanded the life of Waldmann. A new council of sixty, presided over by his old rival Goldlin, was formed to try Waldmann on a charge of having sold his country and aimed at the dictatorship. While the trial was pending, a pretended messenger, employed by his enemies, entered the town, with fictitious intelligence of the approach of an Austrian army to rescue Waldmann, and this so infuriated his judges that he was condemned to be beheaded, and suffered his sentence with the utmost dignity, in the presence of ten thousand spectators, in 1490.—F. M. W.
WALDO, Peter, one of the interesting class of men who have been happily styled "reformers before the Reformation," was a rich merchant of Lyons in the twelfth century. Nothing
