tinguish their houses by signs larger in size, or better painted, than those of their neighbours. But his chief employers were the booksellers, for whom he made a vast number of designs, many of which were engraved by Grignion or Riley. The pictures he contributed to the Academy exhibitions were mostly tinted drawings. Wale succeeded Wilson as librarian to the Royal Academy in 1782. He died February 6, 1786.—J. T—e.
WALES, William, an English mathematician, astronomer, and traveller, was born about 1734, and died in London in 1798. He was for many years the editor of the well-known mathematical journal, called the Lady's Diary. In 1769-70 he was sent by government to Hudson's Bay, to observe the transit of Venus over the sun's disc, of which he published an account in the Philosophical Transactions. He accompanied, in the capacity of astronomer, the expeditions of Captain Cook in 1772-74 and 1776-79. He was for many years a fellow of the Royal Society, professor of mathematics at Christ's hospital, and secretary to the board of longitude.—W. J. M. R.
WALEWSKI, Florian Alexander Joseph Colonna, Count, formerly minister of state to the emperor of the French, was born in 1810, the reputed son of Napoleon I. and a beautiful Polish countess, who became enamoured of him who was presumed to be the coming liberator of Poland. The young man was educated at Geneva, whence he returned to Poland in 1824. In his nineteenth year he began to take a public part in the cause of his oppressed country, and sought to influence the statesmen of London and Paris in favour of the Poles. He witnessed the revolution in Paris of July, 1830; and shortly afterwards was sent by General Sebastiani on a mission to the Polish insurgents. He served his country also in arms, and gained the military cross of Poland at Grochow. After the triumph of Russia he returned to France, and, by the friendship of the duke of Orleans, was made captain of the 4th hussars. Soon weary of garrison life, he resigned his commission, and commenced a career in literature and politics by assisting in the foundation of Le Messager newspaper. He wrote pamphlets too—one in 1838 in favour of the English alliance—and some dramatic pieces. In 1840, on the accession of M. Thiers to power, Le Messager became ministerial, and its editor received a diplomatic appointment in Egypt. He was subsequently employed in various countries, and was attached to the mission in Buenos Ayres when the revolution of 1848 broke out. He was then made ambassador successively at Florence, Naples, and London. In May, 1855, he was called home from England to succeed M. Drouyn de Luys as minister of foreign affairs, which office he retained till after the conclusion of the war with Russia and of the peace of Paris, over the conferences of which he presided. When he resigned this post to M. Thouvenel, he was appointed to the higher and more tranquil dignity of minister of state, which he resigned in 1863. He became a senator in April, 1855. He died on the 27th of September, 1868.
WALFRIDUS or WALHAFREDUS, surnamed Strabo or Strabus, a learned benedictine monk, was a native of Suabia in Germany. He was educated in the monasteries of St. Gallen and of Fulda. In 842 he was chosen abbot of Reichenau in the diocese of Constance. He died in 849.—D. W. R.
WALKER, Adam, an English lecturer on science, was born near the lake of Windermere, Westmoreland, in 1731. His father, a weaver, withdrew him from school at a very early age, to engage him in his own business; but that mechanical employment did not put an end to the aspirations of the youth's mind, which was directed entirely to philosophical inquiries and speculations. He left the manufactory on the first opportunity, and became tutor in a school at Ledsham, and afterwards at Macclesfield, at which latter he gave himself up more particularly to the study of mathematics. He subsequently, by the advice of Dr. Priestley, delivered a course of lectures on astronomy in London, where he attained considerable reputation. He was the originator of a transparent orrery, of the rotatory Scilly lights, and of several other useful inventions. He wrote "Lectures on Experimental Philosophy," a work on the best mode of carrying off impure air from large towns; "Ideas Suggested in an Excursion through Flanders, Germany, Italy, and France;" "Remarks on a Tour to the Lakes of Westmoreland and Cumberland in the summer of 1791;" "A System of Familiar Philosophy;" and "A Treatise on Geography, and the Use of the Globes." He died in 1821.—F.
WALKER, Clement, a member of the English house of commons during the civil wars, was a native of Cliffe in Devonshire. He was educated at Christ church, Oxford, but took no degree. He served the crown in the office of usher of the exchequer. From having been a royalist and a churchman he became a rigid presbyterian, and was elected by his coreligionists to the parliament of 1640 as member for Wells, under the supremacy of the Independents and of Oliver Cromwell. Caustic remarks from his "History of Independency" are quoted by Mr. Carlyle (see Cromwell's Letters and Speeches), who describes the author as "a very splenetic old gentleman of low stature, in a grey suit, with a little stick in his hand." Walker wrote various political tracts, "Cromwell's Slaughterhouse," and others, but is chiefly remembered by his "History of Independency," which, although a violent attack upon the Independents, is valuable as bearing contemporaneous testimony to many of the minor facts of the history of that time. It was published in three parts, the first in 1648, the year in which Walker was, with forty other members, ejected from parliament by Colonel Pride's purge. The publication of the second part in 1649 led to the author's imprisonment in the Tower, where the third part was written and published in 1651, the year of Walker's death, which took place while he was still in confinement. He was buried in All Hallows, Barking, near the Tower, and his loss was much lamented by the presbyterian party. A fourth part was added to his history by T. M., and published in 1660.—R. H.
WALKER, Sir Edward, author of the "Historical Discourses," was the son of a Roman catholic gentleman of Somersetshire, and probably born early in the seventeenth century. He entered the service of the earl of Arundel (the collector of the Arundel marbles), and afterwards became "secretary to the council of war" of Charles I., to whom, as to Charles II., he remained ever faithful. In 1644 he was made clerk-extraordinary to the privy council, and in 1645 he was knighted. He acted as clerk to the king during the negotiations at Newport in the Isle of Wight, and his minutes of them were afterwards printed as "Perfect Copies of all the Votes, &c., at Newport." After the execution of Charles I., he remained in attendance on Charles II. until the Restoration, before which he had been appointed to the dignity of garter king-at-arms, and after which he became also one of the clerks of the privy council. He died in 1677. He is said to have assisted Clarendon in the military details of the History of the Great Rebellion. Of his chief work, the "Historical Discourses," first published in 1705, the most important sections are its contributions to the personal history of Charles I. in 1644-45, and of Charles II. in his Scotch expedition of 1650-51. A thin quarto of some thirty-two pages, published in 1660, the "Iter Carolinum," a diary of Charles I.'s movements from 1641 to his death, is generally attributed to Sir Edward Walker, but the work itself bears no traces of such authorship.—F. E.
WALKER, George, a patriotic and courageous Irish clergyman, was born in the county of Tyrone. He studied at the university of Glasgow, and afterwards obtained the living of Donoughmore. He was specially famed for his intrepid conduct during the protracted siege of Londonderry. He raised a regiment, and was also joint governor of the town. His eloquence and bravery contributed much to the signal result, when the siege was raised on 21st July, 1689. The popularity of Walker became immense, crowds followed him in London, the house of commons voted thanks to him, the Companies feasted him, and the king gave him a present of £5000. In 1690 he was appointed to the see of Derry. He had, however, contracted a taste for war, and he followed the king to the Boyne, where he was shot dead in the act of addressing the colonists of Ulster. "Sir," said an attendant to the king, "the bishop of Derry has been killed by a shot at the ford." "What took him there?" was the laconic reply. On a bastion of the city of Derry is a lofty pillar with a statue of Walker on its summit.—J. E.
WALKER, James, an eminent civil engineer, was born at Falkirk on the 14th of September, 1781, and died at Westminster on the 8th of October, 1862. He was educated at the parish school of Falkirk, and at the university of Glasgow. He studied his profession under his uncle, Ralph Walker, engineer of the well-known West India docks on the Thames. From an early age he was distinguished by skill and success in his profession; and he executed many works of the greatest magnitude and importance, especially in connection with harbours, river works, and sea works, such as the harbours of refuge of Dover,
