mittee of public safety. Westermann had proposed to march upon the committee and forcibly seize the reins of power, but Danton, thinking that his rival dare not take his life, restrained the Vendean butcher. On the 5th April, 1794, Westermann and his friends were condemned to death, and promptly guillotined. Fearful memories of the blood he had shed visited him in his last hours. He was forty years old when he died.—R. H.
WESTMACOTT, Sir Richard, R.A., was born in London in 1775. He learned the use of the chisel from his father, a sculptor of reputation, and at the age of eighteen went to Rome, where he completed his studies under Canova. His Italian career was a brilliant one. In 1794 he gained the first prize for sculpture, given by the Academy of Florence; and in 1795 the gold medal given by the pope, through the Academy of St. Luke, Rome, for a bas-relief of "Joseph Sold into Captivity by his Brethren." Shortly after his return to London he was employed to superintend the arrangement of the Townley Marbles. His contributions to the Academy exhibitions placed him among the foremost of the rising sculptors of England. He was elected A.R.A. in 1805, and R.A. in 1811. Thenceforward his career was one of steady prosperity. His imaginative works, without exciting enthusiasm, were generally admired. Many were of the usual "classical" order, but he also produced several of a kind which appealed more directly to people's ordinary feelings, and which might, had not his attention been directed to more immediately profitable commissions, have secured him a higher reputation as an original sculptor; such were "The Homeless Wanderer," "Devotion," &c. But during his busiest days Westmacott's chief occupation was on monuments and portraiture. The well-known colossal bronze Achilles, as it is called—erected in Hyde Park at a cost of £10,000 by the ladies of England in honour of the duke of Wellington—was copied by Westmacott from the famous statue on the Monte Cavallo at Rome. Among his monumental groups, the most admired for its simplicity and pathos is that of Mrs. Warren and her child in Westminster abbey. The monuments of Collingwood, Sir Ralph Abercromby, and several others, erected at the public expense in St. Paul's, are by him: as are also the statues of the duke of York, on the York column; Fox in Bloomsbury Square; the duke of Bedford in Russell Square; portions of the frieze on the Marble Arch, and the alto-rilievo in the pediment of the British museum. In 1827 he succeeded Flaxman as professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1837, soon after which he retired from professional practice. He died on 1st September, 1856. Sir Richard Westmacott was not a sculptor of genius, but rather an accomplished artist—a man of cultivated habits and refined taste. His works, therefore, if never great, are almost always pleasing.—J. T—e.
* WESTMACOTT, Richard, R.A., son and scholar of Sir Richard Westmacott, was born in London in 1799. He became a student of the Royal Academy in 1818. In 1820 he went to Italy, where he spent six years. Westmacott has followed with some closeness in his father's footsteps. He has executed poetic statues, groups, and rilievi, having, as in the "Ariel," a general similarity of style, but with even more refinement; whilst later works, as "Prayer and Resignation," the "Angel Watching," &c., show more of a devotional tendency. Some bas-reliefs, such as the Blue Bell and the Butterfly, evince considerable fancy. His alto-rilievo in the pediment of the Royal exchange, may compare with his father's at the British museum. Of his monumental works may be mentioned the Ashburton monument, and that to Archbishop Howley in Canterbury cathedral. His busts include a large number of the eminent men of the day. Westmacott was elected A R.A. in 1838, and R.A. in 1849. He succeeded his father as professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy in 1857. He has also delivered courses of lectures on sculpture at the Royal and London institutions. Westmacott has distinguished himself as a writer, as well as a sculptor. He has a profound acquaintance with the history of sculpture; and besides papers on the Greek polychromy, &c., in the Archæological Journal, he wrote the articles "Sculpture" in the Penny Cyclopædia and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. Westmacott has for some years past retired from the practice of his profession; but he continues to lecture at the Royal Academy, and is consulted professionally by the government and the trustees of the British museum.—J. T—e.
WESTMORELAND (Nevills), Earls of, one of the most powerful of the ancient English families. The Nevills were originally of Saxon origin, but in the thirteenth century the representative of the family, Robert Fitzmaldred, lord of Raby, married Isabell de Nevill, a great heiress, and their son adopted his maternal surname, which afterwards became so famous. A duke, a marquis, six earls, six barons, two queens, a princess of Wales, seven duchesses, a marchioness, fourteen countesses, twenty baronesses, two lord high chancellors, two archbishops of York, two bishops, besides ambassadors, speakers of the house of commons, and other dignitaries, sprung from the grand old stem of the Nevills of Raby. They took a prominent part in the wars with the Scotch and the French, as well as in the contests between the barons and the crown, and held such important offices as sheriff of Yorkshire, captain-general of all the king's forces beyond the Trent, warden of the Marches, constable of the tower of London, and lieutenant of Aquitaine. Ralph de Nevill, fourth baron of Raby, was created Earl of Westmoreland by Richard II., who held him in high esteem. Notwithstanding of this he took an active part in raising Henry IV. to the throne, and was rewarded by the new monarch with a grant of the county and honour of Richmond for life, and with the great office of earl marshal of England. He rendered good service to Henry during the rebellion of the Percys, and after its suppression was made governor of Carlisle and warden of the West Marches. He was the father of twenty-two children by his two wives—Margaret, daughter of the earl of Stafford, and Joan, daughter of John of Gaunt. Four of his younger sons obtained peerages by marriage with heiresses (see Warwick), another became bishop of Durham, and his daughters married John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk; Humphrey, duke of Buckingham; Richard Plantagenet, duke of York; Lords Dacre, Scroop, Northumberland, Spencer, &c. The main line of the family terminated in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when Charles, sixth earl of Westmoreland, joined with the earl of Northumberland in the well-known insurrection, termed the "Rising of the North." These two powerful noblemen were stanch adherents of the Romish church, and took up arms for its restoration, and against "the new men," by whom they alleged "the old nobility" were kept under. They had communicated their design to the imprisoned queen of Scots and her partisans, and had entered into a correspondence with the duke of Alva, governor of the Low Countries, from whom they obtained a promise of troops, arms, and ammunition. But a rumour regarding their designs induced Elizabeth to summon them to court, and thus precipitated their rising before they were fully prepared. The earl of Sussex, president of York, inarched against them at the head of a powerful force; and having been disappointed in their expectations of support from the Roman catholic body, the northern earls fled into Scotland, while their followers dispersed. Westmoreland received shelter from the chiefs of the Kerrs and Scotts, but afterwards took refuge in the Netherlands, where he lived to an advanced age, "meanly and miserably." His titles and vast estates were forfeited to the crown; but the earldom of Westmoreland was revived in the next reign in the person of Francis Fane, whose father had married the Baroness Despencer, a female lineal descendant of Ralph Nevill, the first earl of Westmoreland. Raby castle was bestowed on a kinsman of Francis Fane, ancestor of the duke of Cleveland, to whom it now belongs. Of the seven dignities possessed by the Nevills in the fifteenth century, one alone is still existing in the English peerage, the earldom of Abergavenny.—J. T.
WESTMORELAND, John Fane, eleventh earl of, the founder of the Royal Academy of Music, was born in 1784, and died on 16th October, 1859. He was a student of Trinity college, Cambridge, and while there received musical instruction from Dr. Hague. He had always a predilection for this art, having early acquired some skill as a violinist; and when he was afterwards in Sicily, he resumed under Platoni of Messina the study of composition which he had begun at Cambridge. From 1805 till 1815 he, as Lord Burghersh (the second title of the family), served in the army, in which he attained the rank of lieutenant-general, and colonel of the 56th foot. Attempts had been made, by Dr. Burney and by the present Mr. Walmisley, to organize a national institution for the education of musicians in England, and Dr. Arnold's scheme for an English opera-house had been designed with the same purpose. Neither of these plans, however, had produced any satisfactory result, and England was still, unlike nearly all the other countries of Europe, without any means of affording artistic training to a musician, other than he could receive through private lessons, when Lord Burg-
