O?BJEOT8 OF DEVELOPMENT 841 the second and third classes are generally deliberate, but these after being often repeated may become reflex. We may regard the state of feeling as the of all three value. The activities is groups reaction both reaction mechanism have acquired on the individual's whereby activities greatest survival in the first group of functional negative and positive, that is, for example, absence of food is painful, and so is s wound, but the t?king of food is to the great majority varying degree according to pleasant in of of persons the state and s healthy the appetite, functioning snd of sll the kind of food; the organs of the body is also pleasant. In the second and third groups nature has used the pleasant reaction more than the unpleasant; yet the crying of s child, the sight of s bleeding wound, and even the thought of s friend's suffering, are unpleasant in the races of men which have proved their power of survival they-form nine-tenths of mankind. by multiplying till In a lower stsge of evolution, at least among some races of man, there was no combination for mutual protection. When men lived like animals by hunting, every man was against every other, and doubtless the sight of a *bleeding wound was pleasant., The domestication of animals and plants and particularly the adoption of settled agriculture, led to the social ?nstinct emerging with a pronounced survival value. Men to whom the sight of a bleeding wound was pleasant or even indifferent, and who were thus tempted too easily to violence, were doubtless consis- tently exterminated by joint action of their fellows until
the opposite reaction on feeling remained ingrained in a
civilized race. There are, however, occasional reversions to primitive type even amongst civilized nations. ? ? I am indeb4ed for numy of the ideas in this lxtrugmph and the suooeedl[ql one to Professor H. Le?.ter Ward in his Purd ,Sociology, (espeol&lly Pm I1, ohspiers II mid VII, lmrttoulsrly pp. 1?16-?, IS?-4 mid 185-?). though I bsve not followed him examly.
