nation in the disposition of secrets, as a pledge for the same
degree of wisdom in the disposition of money.
It is in vain to expect civil liberty from the principle
which has universally destroyed religious. Benefices are
the cause of political as well as of religious factions and parties, and if one man distributes them, he becomes a pope or a
monarch. These plunge hereticks into flames, and patriots into prisons; these beget the persecutions of sectarism and the intolerance of faction; and both the holders and seekers of these universally resort to reason or sophistry,
to truth or falsehood, not to advance the publick good, but for selfish ends and private emolument. If a handful of guineas thrown among a mob, or a mountain of dollars exposed to be scrambled for by a nation, would produce good order and secure a respect for the rights of others, then
happiness and liberty may be reasonably expected from a
mountain of executive patronage. Divide this mountain,
and it becomes a wholesome circulating medium, doing good
like a divided priesthood ; undivided, like an accumulation
of the whole national coin by one man, it falls upon and
crushes popular rights.
I have not entered into a discrimination between executive and legislative powers, because I know of none such, nor any reason why war, peace, appointments to office, or the dispensation of publick money, should have been counted in the catalogue of the former, except the efficacy of these powers in one man, for begetting tyranny; or except an imitation of the English government derived from former habitual opinions. In Europe we find executive power, at all places and periods, legislating by proclamations; in the government of the United States the European allotment is frequently departed from, and in many of the states entirely disregarded. The remark is made merely to suggest to the reader, that it is not an element like water, naturally returning by fluidity or evaporation to a homogeneous mass, but capable of being divided and assigned in such manageable allotment*!, as society may determine to be best for its
