2:8, he put there אֶת־הָֽאָדָם אֲשֶׁר יָצַר the man whom he had made; 6:6 וַיִּנָּחֶם י׳ כִּי עָשָׂה את־הָֽאָדָם repented that he had made man. Gen. 2:5, 22; 3:23; 18:8, 33; 19:27; 26:15, 18; 28:11, Nu. 22:2, 1 S. 6:19; 7:14; 28:20, 1 K. 5:15; 11:9. With modal force, Gen. 40:15 should have put, 1 S. 17:26 should have defied. After הנה, Gen. 19:28 the smoke was gone up, Deu. 9:16, Jud. 6:28.
When the dependent clause is introduced by and the subj. usually precedes the verb; Gen. 20:4 ואב׳ לֹא קָרַב אֵלֶיהָ and Abimelek had not approached. 31:19, 34, Jud. 6:21, 1 S. 9:15; 25:21; 28:3, 2 S. 18:18, 1 K. 1:41, 2 K. 9:16.
(d) In hypothetical sentences the perf. is employed both in protasis and apodosis where Lat. subj. would be used. Jud. 13:23 לוּ חָפֵץ לַֽהֲמִיתֵנוּ לֹא לָקַח עֹלָה if he had wanted to kill us he would not have taken a burnt-offering. Gen. 43:10, Nu. 22:33, Jud. 8:19; 14:18, Is. 1:9. So in other supposed cases; Gen. 26:10 one of the people כִּמְעַט שָׁכַבּ might readily have lain, 2 K. 13:19. Also in Opt. sent. in ref. to past, Nu. 14:2, and fut., Is. 48:18; 63:19. Cf. Cond. and Opt. Sent. §§ 130, 134.
Rem. 1. Though it may be doubtful whether the shades of meaning expressed by our tenses were present to the eastern mind, it is of great consequence to observe them in translation. The direct sent. 1 K. 21:14 סֻקַּל נָבוֹת וַיָּמֹת N. has been stoned and is dead, when made dependent by כִּי v. 15, must be rendered, that N. had been stoned and was dead. In Is. 53:5, 6 the perf. must be translated in three ways: all we were (had) gone astray; the Lord caused to fall on him; by his stripes we have been healed. Job 1:21, the Lord gave … hath taken. In Ps. 30. perf. has all its various uses: v. 4 hast brought up; v. 7 I said; v. 8 hadst made to stand … didst hide; v. 12 hast turned (or possibly didst turn). Ezr. 1:7. So inchoative perf., Ps. 97:1 י׳ מָלָךְ is become king; 2 K. 15:1 became king, and often.
