"
.
Apocrypha
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
Apollos Hellenistic "
Wisdom. " Solomon, addressing the ruexhorts them to seek wisdom, and
lers of the earth,
warns them of the wickedness and folly of idolatr}'. Noteworthy is the warm defense of the immortality of the soul, in which the influence of Greek philosophical ideas is manifest, as, indeed, it is throughout the book. 3. Fourth Maccabees. The title is a misnomer and the attribution of the work to Flavius Josephus is equally erroneous. The true title is Tlepl avronparopog loyiofiov, " On the Autonomy of Eeason. It is an anonymous discourse on the supremacy of religious intelligence over the feelings. This supremacy is proved, among other things, hj examples of constancy in persecution, especially by the fortitude of Eleazar and the seven brothers (II Mace. vi. 18, vii. The work was written in Greek; it is found 41). in some manuscripts of the Septuagint, but is not canonical. § XIV. Apocrypha in the Talmud. There are no Jewish catalogues of Apocrypha corresponding to the Christian lists cited above but we know that the canonicity of certain writings was disputed in the first and second centuries, and that others were expressly and authoritatively declared not to be sacred scripture, while some-are more vehemently interdicted to read them is to incur perdition. The controversies about Ecelesiastes and the Song of Solomon will be discussed in the article Canon, where also the proposed " withdrawal " of Proverbs, Ezekiel, and some other books will be considered. Here it is sufficient to say that the school of Shammai favored excluding Ecelesiastes and the Song of Solomon from the list of inspired scriptures, but the final decision included them in the canon. Sirach, on the other hand, was excluded, apparently as a recent work by a known author; and a general rule was added that no books more modern than Sirach were sacred scripture. The same decision excluded the Gospels and other heretical (Christian) scriptures (Tosef., Yad. ii. 13). These books, therefore, stand in the relation of Apocrypha to the Jewish canon. In Mishnah Sanh. x. 1, R. Akiba adds to the catalogue of those Israelites who have no part in the world to come, " the man who reads in the extraneous books " (D^lXTin DnSD3), that is, books outside the canon of holy scripture, just as ffw, extrinseeus, extra, are used by Christian writers (Zahn, " Gesch. des Neutestamentlichen Kanons," i. 1, 136 et seq.). Among these are included the " books of the heretics " (D'O'D), i.e., as in Tosef., Yad. quoted above, the Christians (Bab. Sanh. 1005). Sirach is also named in both Talmuds, but the text in the Jerusalem Talmud (Sanh. 28« is obviously corrupt. Further, the writings of Ben La'anah (HJJV? p) fall under the same condemnation (Yer. Sanh. I.e.); the Midrash on Ecelesiastes xii. 12 (Eccl. R.) couples the writings of Ben Tigla (vhiT p) with those of Sirach, as bringing mischief into the house of him who owns them. What these books were is much disputed (see the respective articles). Another title which has given rise to much discussion is i"ibd DTDH or DlTDil (nifre 7ta-meram or Jia-merom), early and often emended by conjecture to DlVOn (Romeros so Hai Gaon, and others). See Homer in Tal;
—
)
The books of " Be Abidan, " about which there a question in Shab. 116«, are also obscure.
mud. is
The Apocrypha (In the Protestant Texts espesense) are found in editions of the Greek Bible see ed.; sepa; cially Swete, The Uld Testament in Ch-eek,
bibliography
«
Lihri Apocruphi Veteris Testamenti rateiv, GtcbcU 1871. Of the Pseudepigrapha no comprehensive corpus exists some of the books are included in the editions of Swete and Fritzsche, above and ill Hilgenfeld, Memos Judeeorum, 1869. See also Fabricius, Codex Fseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti, 2 vols., 2d ed., Hamburg, 1722, 1723, which is not replaced by any more recent work. For editions (and translations) of most of these writings the literature of the respective articles must be consulted. Translations The Authorized Version may best be used in the edition of 0. J. Ball, Variorum Apocrypha, which contains a useful apparatus of various readings and renderings the Revised Version, Apoenipha, 1895; Churton, Uncanonical and Apocryphal Scriptures, 1884 a revised translation is given also in BisOf the highest value is the sell's Commentary (see below). German translation, with introductions and notes, in Kautzsch, Fiitzsche,
Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraqihen des Alien Testaments, 2 vols., 1899. Commentaries Fritzscbe and Grimm, KurzgefasstesExeuctiiiChcsHandhuchzu den Apokryphen des Alten Eundis, 6 vols., 1851-60 Wace (and others), ^tpocrypha, 2 vols., 1888 (Speaker's Bible); Bissell, The Apoc:
rypha of the Old Testament, 1890 (Lange series) The most important recent work on this whole
literature is
Schurer's Oeschichte des Jildisehen Volkes, 3d ed., vol. ill. (Eng. tr. of 2d ed.: Jew. People in the Time of Jesus Christ), where also very full references to the literature will be found.
T
G. P. M.
.
APOLANT, EDUARD:
German
physician;
born at Jastrow, city in Westpreussen, Prussia, Aug. He was educated at the gymnasium at 21, 1847. Deutsch-Krone and at the University of Berlin, where he received the degree of doctor of medicine He was an assistant surgeon in the Francoin 1870. Prussian war (1870-71), and, on returning to Berlin, engaged in practise in that city. In 1896 he received the
title
of "Sanitatsrath."
Apolant has contributed numerous papers to Virchow's "Archiv fur Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f iir Klinische Medizin " (" Ueber das Verhaltniss der Weissen und Roten Blutkorperchen bei Eiterungen," etc.); the "Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift " (" Ueber Applikation von Karbolsitureumschlage bei Pocken," etc.), and other medical journals.
Bibliography: Wrede, Das Oeistige Berlin,
in. 3, Berlin,
1898.
F. T. H.
s.
APOLLINARIS CLAUDIUS
or
APOLLINARIUS,
Bishop of Hierapolis, Phrygia, in 170 author of an " Apology for the Christian Faith, which he addressed to Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He wrote also two books " Pros Ioudaious " (Against the Jews) and other works against the pagans, and opposing the Montanist and the Encratite heresies, besides other books, all of which
are
now
lost.
Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. iv. 27, v. 19 Jerome, De Viris Illustribus, etc., p. 26 EpistoltB, p. 84 Fabricius, BibQrceca, vii. 160; Tillemont, Memoires, t. i., pt. ii. F. H. V. t.
Bibliography
lioth.
APOLLONIUS
One of the Judeans who, about 130 B.C., went to Rome to make a covenant or league of friendship with the Romans. He was called by Josephus " the son of Alexander. " See John Hyr:
canus and Romans. Bibliography
Josephus, Ant.
xiii. 9, § 2, xiv. 10, § 22.
L. G.
G.
APOLLONIUS
APOLLONIUS MOLON:
or
Greek rhetorician and
anti- Jewish writer
flourished
