there are no parties of the poor and the rich at war with each other: where, if any deſcendant of the guardians be vicious, he is diſmiſſed to the other claſſes, and if any deſcendant of the others be worthy, he is raiſed to the rank of the guardians: where education, the grand point to be attended to, produces good geniuſes, and good geniuſes, partaking of ſuch education, produce ſtill better than the former: where the children, receiving from their infancy an education agreeable to the laws of the conſtitution, grow up to be worthy men, and obſervant of the laws: where the ſyſtem, both of laws and education, are contrived to produce the virtues of fortitude, temperance, wiſdom, and juſtice, in the whole city, and in all the individual citizens: where, if among the rulers, or guardians of the laws, there be one ſurpaſſing the reſt, it may be called a monarchy, or kingly government, if there be ſeveral, an ariſtocracy.
Although there is but one principle of virtue, thoſe of vice are infinite; of which there are four which deſerve to be mentioned. There are as many ſpecies of foul as there are of republics: five of each. That which is above deſcribed is one.
In the eighth book of his Republic he deſcribes the other four, and the revolutions from one to another. The firſt he calls the Cretan, or Spartan, or the ambitious republic; the ſecond, oligarchy; the third, democracy; and the fourth, tyranny, the laſt diſeaſe of a city.
As republics are generated by the manners of the people, to which, as into a current, all other things are drawn, of neceſſity there muſt be as many ſpecies of men, as of republics. We have already, in the fourth book, gone over that which we have pronounced to be good and juſt. We
