CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES
and commercial purposes; (b) so far as possible the city's streets should be relieved from the unnecessary hauling of raw materials of the factory's products to and from the factory through the built-up city; (c) it is desirable that the central city should be free from smoke and other nuisances often associated with factories. It is this point of view largely that has justified the establishing of the outlying industrial zone so common in European cities. (3) The most fundamental inquiry, however, is the question of the location of the homes of factory employees. The more important advantages that are assured to workmen's homes in the outskirts as against homes in the city are as follows: (a) the opportunity for relatively cheap land; (b) proximity to the factory, and the incidental saving of time and carfare; (c) a home in the outskirts will place a workman close to the country, and to the city's outlying parks.
The following references are of special interest in connection with the relation of housing to city planning as discussed above: Proceedings of National Housing Association; Ewart G. Culpin's "The Garden City Movement Up-to-Date," London, 191 2; "The Housing Problem, a Summary of Conditions and Remedies," by James Ford, Publications of the Department of Social Ethics in Harvard University, No. 5, 1911; "The Improvement of the Dwellings and Surroundings of the People," by T. C. Horsfall, Manchester, 1905; "Garden Cities of Tomorrow," Ebenezer Howard, London, 1902; "Satellite Cities," by Graham Romeyn Taylor, 1915; "Nothing Gained by Overcrowding," by Raymond Unwin, London, 1912; "Good Home for Every Wage Earner," by John Nolen, American Civic Association, 191 7; "The Industrial Village," by John Nolen, National Housing Association, 1918; "The Housing Problem in War and in Peace," published by the Journal
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