antagonism to the old by permitting a régime which differed so far from the Bolsheviks' as closely to resemble the Imperial administration of Germany.
V.
The "Red" and the "Red and White"
Terrors.
The two opposing forces in Russia and Siberia which we have grouped under the names of Red Army and Czecho-Slovaks were really composite, but the names given indicate in both cases the dominant military force. The Bolsheviks had ranged against them an alliance, or, perhaps more properly, an association, which did not gain in strength by including groups of widely differing character. From a military point of view the Czecho-Slovak forces were the most important. They acted as a screen behind which it was possible to raise regiments which, it was hoped, later could co-operate with them. In the Samara region of Russia the "Narodny Army," which, translated, means the "People's Army," was so formed, and was officered by men of the Cadet and Social Revolutionary Right persuasions, and received both sympathy and actual support from the reactionary old régime element. Another of the associates had always shown a reactionary tendency—the Cossacks. Those from Orenburg and Uralsk at first professed themselves Republicans, later Limited Monarchists, and eventually rallied round the Grand Duke Michael and desired his restoration to the throne, as was suggested in the manifesto of abdication of Nicholas II. In Siberia the regiments raised behind the Czecho-Slovak screen adopted the green and white colours of the "Republic of Siberia," and were officered by old régime officials and people of the Social Revolutionary Right party. In Manchuria politics and the military were in such a state of constant change and confusion that relatively slight military assistance could be rendered from that quarter.
In the other camp divisions of party were by no means so strongly marked, but the difficulty of carrying out an active military campaign arose from the fact that the units composing the Bolshevik army, while united for the general purpose of up-
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