Verbs (simple): pulan, wuatña (= buat-nya); (compound): in m-, mulan (from pulan, as modern minta’ from pinta’, mohon from pohon); in ma-, masākit (= "to make sick "); in man-, etc. (= modern meng-, etc.), mañuruh (= menyuroh), mañapik (from a word tāpik also found in this inscription and apparently meaning "chastise" or something of that kind); in man—i, manujāri (= "to speak with"); in mar—i, marjjahāti (= "to do harm to." from jahat, "evil," which also occurs; mar- is more or less represented by the modern běr-, which occasionally survives in the more archaic form měr-, as in mĕrapi, though here its force is rather adjectival); in maka-, makagila (= "to make mad"), makamatai (either from mata or else from matai, an older form of mati). Even more interesting are the passive verbs: in n-, nwari (probably a passive from wari modern běri) ;in ni-, niujāri (= "to be spoken to"), nisuruh, nipāhat (= "was chiselled"), miwunuh (= "was killed," from wunuh modern bunoh), nigalarku (= "were appointed by me"); in -in-, winunu (for winunuh, from wunuh).
Articles: di, diy, "in, to, at" (also din = di + the article n, which is found in Old Javanese, etc.); ka; dnan (= dengan)[1]; tīda (= modern tidak: apparently the -k in this word is not original, any more than in datok = dātu); jānan (= jangan).
Pronouns: āku, -ku (enclitic), 1st. person; kita (used apparently for the 2nd. person plural); iya, ya, -ña (enclitic), 3rd. person; yan, iyan, relative, the former also used as a definite article (ya appears to be similarly used); ini, "this," inan, "that."
Note also sawañakña (= sa-banyak-nya) which occurs in the phrase tathāpi sawañakña yan wuatña jāhat, "but as many of them as do evil"; and the word gran, which may be the stem of the modern gĕrangan.[1]
It will be noticed that many of the above words have w which modern Malay has replaced by b. Javanese often retains the old w, as in watu, wulan. Another point of interest is the shifting of the stress in consequence of the addition of a suffix (or even an enclitic), as shown by the long vowels of the forms kasihan, manujāri, wanuāña, etc. This is an old Indonesian law which has been somewhat obliterated in modern Malay as spoken in the Peninsula, but the standard Malay spelling attests its former prevalence.
The inscription contains a large proportion of Sanskrit words, showing that Hindu influence was already pretty strong at this period. Some of these words are still current in Malay: the following are examples:—bhakti, dewata, mahardhika (now used in a modified form with the sense of "free"), mūlāña (= mula-nya with the enclitic pronoun), drohaka, tathāpi, mantrā (for mantra), dosāña (= dosa-nya), tatkālāña (= tatkala-nya), wala (= "army, forces," cf. modern balatantěra), bhūmi. But perhaps the most
