(gyalbo).[1]The office is now elective, but no layman may hold it; it is filled by a lama from one of the four great lings, Tangye ling, Kundu ling, Tse-chog ling, and Tsomo ling; though there have been cases, as, for instance, that of the Desi Shata (or Shadra), where lamas from other places have been selected.[2]
The council of ministers (Kalon) and the Prime Minister (Chyi-kyab khanpo[3]) select the regent, and their choice is confirmed by the oracles of Nachung chos-gyong and Lhamo sung chyong-ma; and, lastly, the nomination is ratified by the Emperor of China.
When the Dalai lama reaches his majority, fixed at eighteen years, the regent, in the presence of the Kalon, the chiefs and nobles, presents him with the seals of office of both spiritual and temporal affairs. Since the beginning of the present century no Dalai lama has reached majority, and the regency has been without interruption.[4]
The regent is assisted by a Chasag, whose appointment is also subject to confirmation by the Emperor of China. He wields great power, and sometimes exercises the functions of the regent himself. No petitions on any official business can reach the regent without passing through his hands. He is entrusted with the great seal, and when a paper has been prepared by the chief secretary, or Kadung, the Chasag affixes the seal to it. The word Chasag means "a strainer for tea," the dignitary so designated being the test and model of merit.[5]
- ↑ Manning calls the King "Ti-mu-fu, or Hu-lu-tu." See Markham, 'Tibet,' p. 264. I am unable to explain satisfactorily these names, though the first has a rather Chinese tournure. The second may be the Mongol Hutuketu, "incarnate saint of the first rank." The Chinese call the Regent Tsang Wang, or "King of Tibet." See also, on the selection of this functionary, 'Land of the Lamas,' p. 289, and 'Report on Explorations, 1856–1886,' p. 31.
- ↑ In this connection the following is interesting: "Some few years ago the Grand Council of Lhasa (Caphyn) was composed of three men, named Semeling, Tengeling, and Kunduling. A man of influence named Sape Satya complained to the Emperor of China of the oppressive and inefficient rule of these men. The Chinese commissioner, 'Kissen,' came from China, apprehended Semeling, and took him off as a prisoner to China."—Ashley Eden, 'Report on the State of Bootan,' p. 131; cf. Huc., op. cit., ii. 287 et sqq.
- ↑ He is also called Chyi-lon Hutuketu. He is Chancellor of the Exchequer; the Chinese Amban is his colleague, and his approval of any expenditure is necessary.—(W. R.)
- ↑ See Huc., op. cit., ii. 286.
- ↑ Our author’s informant must have written ja tsag, meaning "tea-strainer"; but Chasag is spelt rgyal tsab, and means "viceroy." The Lhasa Amban is in like manner called Gong-ma tsab, "the Emperor's deputy."—(W. R.)
