or association whatsoever, provided such abridgments, limitations, etc., are made or are solely applicable to citizens of the United States of African descent, by reason or in consequence of their race and previous condition, and for no other reason, cause, pretence, or ground whatsoever than their color, race, or previous condition of servitude, and are not limitations, provisions, requirements, conditions, abatements, rules, regulations, encroachments, or infringements, applicable alike to all citizens of the United States by the supreme law of the land, or are in conformity therewith.
11th. And that, among divers other privileges and immunities, the citizens of the several States of the United States were and have been since the first Wednesday of March, 1879, and now are, in the free and uninterrupted enjoyment of the privilege and immunity of engaging in all industrial pursuits, and in a free and equal enjoyment of all the accommodations (upon the same terms as they are enjoyed by the citizens of each State), advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theatres and other places of amusement, subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to all citizens of the United States and of every State.
12th. That the words used in section first of the Civil-Rights Bill of 1875, "without due process of law," and "the equal protection of the laws," are words of limitation, and their apparent purpose is the individual protection of these citizens, and they are also a limitation upon the usurpation of individual power, which in any form should seek to oppress them; that the meaning of these legal phrases is identical and is aptly illustrated in the famous provision, that "no freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or disseized, or outlawed, or banished, or any ways destroyed, nor will the King pass upon him, or commit him to prison, unless by the judgment of his peers, or of the law of the land." That said words, "law of the land," as used in this section, and "due process of law" are to be interpreted in behalf of the liberties, rights, and freedom of these citizens, as legal writers and jurists have interpreted "law of the land" as used in the celebrated twenty-ninth chap-
