molecular vortex is the attracting point of Boscovich surrounded by an elastic atmosphere.
Maxwell wrote in Nature in 1878: "Of the three founders of theoretical thermodynamics (Rankine, Thomson, Clausius) Rankine availed himself to the greatest extent of the scientific use of the imagination. His imagination, however, though amply luxuriant, was strictly scientific. Whatever he imagined about the molecular vortices with their nuclei and atmospheres was so clearly imaged in his mind's eye, that he, as a practical engineer, could see how it would work. However intricate, therefore, the machinery might be which he imagined to exist in the minute parts of bodies, there was no danger of his going on to explain natural phenomena by any mode of action of this machinery which was not consistent with the general laws of mechanism. Hence, though the construction and distribution of his vortices may seem to us as complicated and arbitrary as the Cartesian system, his final deductions are simple, necessary, and consistent with facts. Certain phenomena were to be explained. Rankine set himself to imagine the mechanism by which they might be produced. Being an accomplished engineer, he succeeded in specifying a particular arrangement of mechanism competent to do the work, and also in predicting other properties of the mechanism which were afterwards found to be consistent with observed facts."
In his paper on the "Mechanical Action of Heat," Rankine applied the dynamical theory of heat and his hypothesis of molecular vortices, to discuss new relations among the physical properties of bodies, and especially to a relation between the true specific heat of air, the mechanical equivalent of heat, and certain other known constants. He found, using the value for the mechanical equivalent which had just been published by Joule, that the true specific heat of air relative to that of water has the value 0.2378. The best value for that quantity which had been obtained by direct experiment was that of De la Roche and Bérard, 0.2669. Rankine concluded, not that his theory was wrong, but that Joule's result was too small. On further examination of Joule's investigation, just printed in
