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LOCATION AND SHAPE 57 LOCATION AND SHAPE OF THE ISLAND The circular form of Brazil and its location westward of southern Ireland are affirmed by many maps, including Dalorto, 1325 (Fig. 4); Dulcert, I339; 17 Laurenziano-Gaddiano, 1351 ; 18 Pizigani, 1367 (Fig. 2) ; anonymous Weimar map, probably about i48i; 19 Giraldi, i426; 20 Beccario, I426 21 and I435 22 (Fig. 20) ; Juan da Napoli, perhaps 1430 ; 23 Bianco, 1436 and 1448 ; 24 Valsequa, i439; 25 Pareto, I455 26 (Fig.2i);Roselli, 1468 ; 27 Benincasa, 1482" (Fig. 22); Juan de la Cosa, 1500 ; 29 and numerous later maps. Probably the persistent roundness is ascribable to a certain pref- erence for geometrical regularity, which sowed these early maps with circles, crescents, trilobed clover leaves, and other more unusual but not less artificial island forms. The direction must stand for the tradition of some old voyage or voyages. " A. E. Nordenskiold, Periplus, PI. 8. 18 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell' anno 1351), PI. 5. 19 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Colum- bus, Proc. igth Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27-31, 1915 [Smithsonian Institution], Washington, D. C., 1917, pp. 469-478; map on p. 476. 20 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo Giraldi di Venezia dell' anno 1426), PI. 5. 21 The section of which the author has a photograph (first published in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, opposite p. 40, and here reproduced, Fig. 3, somewhat curtailed) does not extend far enough to show the island of Brazil. 22 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d'ltalia, Part II (pp. 280-390) of "Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia," published on the occasion of the Second International Geo- graphical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Societa Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on PL 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates). In the Kohl collection of maps relating to America, No. 17, in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 2 - A. E. Nordenskiold, Periplus, PI. 20; Theobald Fischer, Portfolio ii, PI. 3. 25 Original in Majorca. A good copy is owned by T. Solberg, Register of Copy- rights, Washington, D. C. 26 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika's in ihrer Bedeutung fiir die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, PI. 5. 27 E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America, Publs. Hispanic Soc of Amer. No. 104, New York. 1916, PI. 2. 28 Kretschmer, atlas, PI. 4, map i. Ibid., PI. 7.