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CATALAN MAP OF ABOUT 1480 63 the faith of the early Norse narratives and subsequent commer- cial intercourse, for the Norse Greenland colony is known to have existed in 1410 and probably did not die out entirely until much later. The Catalan map of about 1480 shows Greenland also as a great northwestern land mass beyond Iceland, identi- fying it by name as Ilia Verde (Green Island). But just south, or west of south, of this Greenland at a slight interval and south- west of Iceland is drawn and named a large Brazil of the con- ventional circular disc form. Its position is that of Labrador, or perhaps Newfoundland, as it would naturally have been under- stood and reported by the Norse explorers. It can be nothing but one or both of these regions of America with perhaps neigh- boring lands. It is true that this map shows also another Brazil of the divided kind (in this instance with a channel crossing it from east to west) located in mid-Atlantic about where Prunes and others show their bisected Brazil. But this seems only an instance of conservation and deference for authority, such as has often been manifested in cartography. Of such deference for authority perhaps there is no more striking instance than Bianco's map of 1448, which places the rediscovered Azores where they should be but also preserves them, on the faith of older maps, where they should not be making a double series. The lesser bisected mid-Atlantic Brazil of the Catalan map may well be set aside as a survival without significance. But the duplication by Bianco in 1448 raises a question of distance, which must be considered, for his Azores retained from the maps antedating the Portuguese rediscoveries are far nearer the coast of Europe than the truth at all warrants; and, so far as we can judge, the same cautious underestimating was applied to all oceanic islands as reported. Corvo, for example, is actually nearly half-way across the Atlantic, yet on all the maps for a long time is brought eastward to a position much nearer Portugal. We must suppose that the region about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, if visited, would be similarly treated, and we cannot tell how