in the years 1908 to 1917 Plekhanoff showed himself to be half doctrinaire and half philistine, walking politically in the wake of the bourgeoisie.
We saw how Marx and Engels, in their polemics against the Anarchists, explained most thoroughly their views on the relation of the Revolution to the State. Engels, when editing in 1891 Marx's Criticism of the Gotha Program, wrote that "we"—that is, Engels and Marx—"were then in the fiercest phase of our battle with Bakunin and his Anarchists; hardly two years had then passed since the Hague Congress of the International" (the First). The Anarchists had tried to claim the Paris Commune as their "own"—as a confirmation of their teachings, thus showing that they had not in the least understood the lessons of the Commune or the analysis of those lessons by Marx. Anarchism has given nothing approaching a true solution of the concrete political problems; we are to break up the old State machine, and what shall we put in its place?
But to speak of "Anarchism and Socialism" and to leave the whole question of the State out of account, taking no notice at all of the whole development of Marxism before and after the Commune—that meant an inevitable fall into the pit of Opportunism. For that is just what Opportunism wants—to keep these two questions in abeyance. To secure this is, in itself, a victory for Opportunism.
2. Kautsky's Controversy with the Opportunists.
Undoubtedly an immeasurably larger number of Kautsky's works have been translated into Russian than into any other language. It is not without some justification that German Social-Democrats sometimes make the joke that Kautsky is more read in Russia than in German—and we may say, in parentheses, that there is deeper historical significance in this joke than those who first made it suspected. For in 1905 the Russian workers manifested an extraordinarily strong, an unexampled demand for the best works, the best Social-Democratic literature in the world, and translations and editions of these works appeared in quantities unheard of in other countries. Thereby, with one sweep, the immense experience of the neighboring, more advanced country was transplanted on to the almost virgin soil of our proletarian movement.
Besides his popularization of Marxism, Kautsky is particularly well known in our country by his controversies with the Oppor-
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