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55.
If a hostage is accepted, he is treated like a prisoner of war, according to rank and condition, as circumstances may admit.
56.
A prisoner of war is subject to no punishment for being a public enemy, nor is any revenge wreaked upon him by the intentional infliction of any suffering, or disgrace, by cruel imprisonment, want of food, by mutilation, death, or any other barbarity.
57.
So soon as a man is armed by a sovereign government and takes the soldier’s oath of fidelity, he is a belligerent; his killing, wounding, or other warlike acts are not individual crimes or offenses. No belligerent has a right to declare that enemies of a certain class, color, or condition, when properly organized as soldiers, will not be treated by him as public enemies.
58.
The law of nations knows of no distinction of color, and if an enemy of the United States should enslave and sell any captured persons of their army, it would be a case for the severest retaliation, if not redressed upon complaint.
The United States can not retaliate by enslavement; therefore death must be the retaliation for this crime against the law of nations.
59.
A prisoner of war remains answerable for his crimes committed against the captor’s army or people, committed before he was captured, and for
