utilize wood as a material for paper-manufacture, but which has not turned out well. Wood has been tried in two different forms, the one mechanically, and the other chemically prepared. In the former case, pieces of wood, as cut from the tree, are reduced, by means of a grindstone, to pulp, or to the condition of flour; this pulp or flour, however, contains but a small amount of "fibre, and that fibre possesses very little felting property, an essential for a good sheet of paper;" so that it can only be used as, in point of fact, a kind of adulterant in the manufacture of the commonest papers. Of wood chemically prepared, Mr. Routledge remarks that it is "costly in production, as it is only possible to reduce it into pulp by boiling under very high pressure with very strong caustic alkali; several mills established both in England and Scotland to carry out this manufacture, have abandoned it, and such pulp as is now used in the trade is derived exclusively from the countries where the wood is grown. The pulp thus produced, although somewhat hard and harsh, if the wood be carefully selected and properly prepared, will, blended with other material, produce a fair quality of paper." Wood-pulp, thus chemically prepared, sells (unbleached) at from £24 to £25 per ton, but is never likely to be used to any considerable extent.
HOW TO BREATHE PROPERLY.
Most people breathe properly, often more by accident or instinct than by design; but, on the other hand, hundreds of thousands do not breathe properly, while many thousands at this present moment are suffering from more or less severe affections of the lungs or throat, owing to a faulty mode of respiration — in other words, because they breathe through the mouth instead of through the nostrils. The mouth has its own functions to perform in connection with eating, drinking, and speaking; and the nostrils have theirs, viz., smelling and breathing. In summertime the error of respiring through the mouth is not so evident as at the present season, when it is undoubtedly fraught with danger to the person who commits this mistake. If any one breathes through the natural channel, the nostrils, the air passing over the mucous membrane lining the various chambers of the nose becomes warmed to the temperature of the body before reaching the lungs; but if he takes in air between the lips and through the mouth, the cold air comes in contact with the delicate lining membrane of the throat and lungs, and gives rise to a local chill, frequently ending in inflammation. Many persons, without knowing the reason why they are benefited, wear respirators over their mouth in winter, if they happen to go out of doors. By doing this they diminish the amount of air which enters between the lips, and virtually compel themselves to breathe through the nostrils. But they could attain just the same result by keeping the lips closed, a habit which is easily acquired, and conduces to the proper and natural way of breathing. We believe that if people would only adopt this simple habit — in other words, if they would take for their rule in breathing, "Shut your mouth!" there would be an immense diminution in the two classes of affections, viz., those of the lungs and throat, which count many thousands of victims in this country in the course of a single year. Man is the only animal which has acquired the pernicious and often fatal habit of breathing through the mouth. It commences in childhood, and becomes confirmed in adult life, often engendering consumption, chronic bronchitis, relaxed sore throat, or some other disease of the lungs or throat which is set down, usually, to a different cause altogether. In concluding this short article, we venture to ask our readers to judge for themselves. When they step out in the morning into the fresh, but cold, air, let them try the difference of feeling arising from the two modes of breathing — through the nostrils, and between the lips. In the former case they will find that they can breathe easily and freely, yet with comfort, while the fresh air, warmed to the temperature of the body by its contact with the nasal mucous membrane, is agreeable to the lungs; in the other case, if they draw in a few inspirations between the parted lips, the cold air, rushing in direct to the lungs, creates a feeling of coldness and discomfort, and an attack of coughing often comes on.
THE MONASTERIES AND THE POOR-LAWS.
The view has often been taken that the dissolution of the monasteries was the cause of pauperism and the poor-laws.
