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286 MedicEval Military Architecture. of which the present fireplace-front, the cinquefoiled and other windows, and the entrance to the mural chamber in the upper floor, may be cited as instances. The vault of the basement is possibly- original, but may be an addition. THE CASTLES OF BROUGH AND BROUGHAM, WESTMORELAND. ANNE Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery," Baroness Clifford, Westmoreland, and Vesci, hereditary sheriff of Westmore- land, and Lady of the Honour of Skipton, in Craven, was in every way a remarkable woman : she was of high birth, held large estates, was the widow of two considerable peers, and had received and largely profited by an excellent education. To a strong and copious memory she added a sound judgment and a discerning spirit. She was a person of great firmness of character, and passed her life amidst events that exercised and strengthened that quality. Among the many subjects upon which she was informed, and which ranged, says Dr. Donne, from " predestination to slea silk," was included a very close knowledge of the particulars of her own estates, and a very thorough determination to maintain her houses and castles in good repair. She found the castles of her Clifford and Vipont ancestors, Appleby, Brougham, and Brough, in ruins ; she restored and made them habitable, and, though time and the hand of the spoiler have again brought two of them. Brougham and Brough, to decay, their walls still exhibit much of the amending hand of the great Countess, as well as of the original work of her remote ancestors. BROUGH CASTLE. Brough Castle covers the whole of a steep knoll which rises 60 feet on the left bank of the Swimdale or Helle Beck, and is about 50 yards from the water. The beck receives the Augill from the south-east, just above the castle, and their combined waters, at times of con- siderable volume and force, fall into the Eden about a mile and a half lower down. The castle itself is 630 feet above the sea-level, and the encircling fells of Westmoreland and Yorkshire rise to eleva- tions of from 1,000 feet to 2,000 feet. About five miles to the east are the sources of the Greta and the Balder, and a little further off and towards the north the head springs of the Lune, not the noble stream that gives name to Lancaster, but a tributary to the Tees. Even in this wild and almost impenetrable country are traces of Roman civilisation. The road from Lavatrae (Bowes) to Luguvallium