INTRODUCTION
I. Marcus Aurelius as a Man of Letters
TO the ancient world Marcus Aurelius was best known not as a wise ruler and conqueror of German and Sarmatian barbarians but as philosopher and patron of learning. His Latin biographer[1] opens with the words: 'Marcus Antoninus, who was a lifelong philosopher, excelling all chiefs of the state in holiness'; so in the tenth century, in Suidas' Lexicon,[2] he is 'Marcus Antoninus, King of the Romans, the entirely laudable philosopher.' In his lifetime the advocates of Christian liberty so address him. Thus Justin Martyr in his first Apology[3] terms him Verissimus, the philosopher; and Athenagoras, an Athenian philosopher, begins with the address: 'To the Emperors M. Aurelius Antoninus and L. Aurelius Commodus, conquerors of Armenia and Sarmatia, but more than all else philosophers.'[4]
Though professing philosophy as his guide in life and following her rule, Marcus makes no pretence to learning or wisdom for himself. Indeed, in the account of his education in his own first Book, he dwells on the variety and excellence of the teaching he had enjoyed, theoretical and practical alike, but expresses satisfaction more than once[5] that the admonition of his confidential teacher
- ↑ 'Marco Antonino, in omni vita philosophanti viro et qui sanctitate vitae omnibus principibus antecellit' Hist. Aug. iv. i. i. In Justinian's Novels he has ceased to be Divus Marcus and is referred to like this: εὖ μὲν ἀρξάμενος ὁ φιλοσοφώτατος ἐθέσπισε Μάρκος Corpus J. C., Novel xxii. 19; καὶ ὁ φιλόσοφος ἐν βασιλεῡσι Μάρκος ibid, cviii, proem, § 2. Cf. Photius, cited p. xii, note 4.
- ↑ Μάρκος, ὁ καὶ Ὰντωνῖνος, βασιλεὺς Ῥωμαίων, ὁ ἐπαιφετὸς κατὰ πάντα φιλόσοφος, s.v. Μάρκος
- ↑ Αὐτοκράτορι Τίτῳ Αἰλίῳ Ἁδριανῷ Ἀντωνίνῳ Εὐσεβεῖ Σεβαστῷ Καίσαρι καὶ Οὐηρισσίμῳ υἱῷ Φιλοσόφῳ καὶ Λουκίῳ Φιλοσόφῳ . . . ἐραστῇ παιδείας Ap. I, ch. 1. 1.
- ↑ Αὐτοκράτορσι Μάρκῳ Αὐρηλίῳ Ὰντωνίνῳ καὶ Λουκίῳ Αὐρηλίῳ Κομμόδῳ, Άρμενιακοῖς, Σαρματικοῖς, τὀ δὲ μέγιστον Φιλοσόφοις Legatio, 1. 1.
- ↑ M. Ant. i. 7. 1; i. 17. 4 and 9.
