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Vermont. He taught school in Swanzey, New Hampshire; studied law with Wheeler and Faulkner at Keene, New Hampshire, in Dedham, Massachusetts with Erastus Worthington, and in Boston with Tolman Willey. He was admitted to the bar at Keene, New Hamshire in 1865, and in Boston, Massachusetts in 1867 to the celebrated bar of Suffolk county and to the United States Courts. In September, 1862, he entered the volunteer army as a private in the 14th New Hampshire regiment and on the departure of the regiment for the seat of war he was appointed second lieutenant in October, 1862, and in December, 1863, was made adjutant of the regiment. He was appointed colonel of the regiment in December, 1864, and being in ill health resigned his commission in March, 1865. He practised law in Boston, 1867-75, making patent law his specialty. He was elected from the sixth Middlesex district to the Massachusetts senate in 1871, reelected in 1872, and served on the committee on Military Affairs being chairman of the committee during the second term. He also served on the Judiciary committee and as chairman of the committee on Insurance. While in the senate he secured the passage of the Massachusetts Standard Policy law regulating insurance; a measure requiring railroads to run cheap morning and evening trains for workingmen living in the suburbs; and a law completely reorganizing the state militia. He was chief of the state Bureau of Statistics of labor, 1873-88, taking the decennial census of Massachusetts in 1875 and 1885; presidential elector on the Hayes and Wheeler ticket in 1875; had direct charge of the Federal census in Massachusetts in 1880; was sent to Europe by the United States census bureau to study the factory system for the tenth census; commissioner of records of Massachusetts, 1885 and 1886; United States Commissioner of Labor from January, 1885, to January 1905, in charge of the eleventh census of the United States, October, 1893, to October, 1897; president American Unitarian association, 1896-99; president national Conferences of Unitarian churches from 1901. He was Lowell Institute lecturer, 1879; university lecturer on the factory system, Harvard university, 1881, and has held appointments to lecture upon Statistics, Labor and Wages, at Johns Hopkins university, the University of Michigan, Northwestern university, Dartmouth college, and Harvard university; and was honorary professor of social economics, at the Catholic university of America from 1895 to 1904; professor of statistics and social economics, at Columbian (now