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262 NEW BOOKS. an incalculable degree. In particular are measures mischievous which weaken the solidarity of family ties, and the sense in its members that it lies upon them to provide one for another. We love others and care for them, not because of what they bring us, but of what they call forth from us. When the Poor Law undertook those offices which men should themselves render to their parents, the result was that men threatened to turn their parents out of house and home, in order to extort more money from the overseer ; and to-day again, in London, they go away, disappearing with no address, and leave parents destitute, in order that the Guardians may be forced to undertake their support. Mrs. Bosanquet acknowledges that this is sometimes done because it is thought the Guardians can do better for them ; but the fact remains, that men are improved by what calls forth their energy and interest, rather than by dole or gift. What then is to be done ? Try and make skilled workmen and work- women out of the unskilled ; this will raise the wages of the unskilled as well, by diminishing their numbers. Administer the Poor Law strictly and scientifically ; but let there be in every Union an efficient organisation of private charity. Do something after the fashion of Chalmers's ' parochial system,' with individual knowledge of special needs. Get hold of the children, especially when they are leaving school. Encourage ' institu- tional charity '. But do not attempt to make the State a partner with the individual in bearing his private burdens ; " the partnership is too un- equal " ; he will conceive the State should bear a larger and larger share. The spring of independence will be gone ; and what they have not them- selves worked for, men will not care for. Mrs. Bosanquet seems sometimes to overstate her case, as, for ex- ample, when she says that " in practice few people can resist the claims of a need which is greater than their own, when brought face to face with it" : and in her treatment of the housing problem, in chapter vL, when the difficulties presented by an actually insufficient supply of houseroom are unduly minimised. And those who doubt the possibility of finding sufficient workers who possess the moral force that is to call forth the latent capacities of higher character in those for whose benefit socialistic legislation is mainly intended, will probably still cling to the hope of effecting reform ctb extra. Yet even they must admit that a great deal which she urges is absolutely true, and very necessary to consider : whether or not the socialism which she dreads would, as she thinks if the hazardous experiment be ever made prove incompatible with the true spirit of independence, and the best form of f amity life. An Introductory Text-book of Logic. By SYDNEY HERBERT MELLONE. William Blackwood (Edinburgh and London), 1902. Pp. xiii., 362. Dr. Mellone has aimed (1) at giving "an accurate exposition of the essentials of the traditional logic," (2) at connecting it "with its Aris- totelian fountain head," and (3) at showing "the open door leading from it to the modern philosophic treatment of the subject " ; and difficult as it was to attain all these aims adequately in so moderate a compass, he may be congratulated on achieving a very considerable measure of success. He has at least produced a clear, interesting and decidedly useful elementary treatise from his own point of view, viz., that of what may be called the Oxford tradition in logic, as expressed in the works of Messrs. Bradley and Bosanquet. In particular, Dr. Mellone makes out a good case for what seems at first a considerable paradox, viz., that the most modern improvement in logical theory should take the form of a