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282 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. certain acts of mind, the positive actuality, though of a very low order,, of materia pritna independently of all substantial information ; the presence in matter of the principles or seminal causes of things ; the hylomorphic composition of spiritual substances ; the multiplicity of forms and the individuality of the soul independently of its imion with the body, more especially in the case of man's, were of Augustinian origin. Some of these doctrines had no place in the Augustinian system, while others were totally opposed to that system. C. Plat (' Dieu et la. Nature d'apres Aristote ') indicates the excellences as well as the defects of Aristotle's conceptions of God and nature. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE UND PHYSIOLOGIE DER SINNESORGANK. Bd. xxix. Heft 2. J. von. Kries. ' Ueber die im Netzhautcentrum fehlende Nachbilderscheinung und liber die diesen Gegenstand betref- fenden Arbeiten von C. Hess.' [Reply to criticism: discussion of methods and restatement of result. The fact which forms the point of departure for the rod-theory (that " oftentimes lights, which under certain conditions high absolute intensity and bright-adapted eye appear alike may, under other conditions small intensity and dark- adapted eye appear totally different "), i.e, the unlikeness of the twilight- values of bright-equivalent lights, has been taken into account by the Hering school only for the trichromatic organ, where it is not striking ; they have neglected its importance for the dichromatic eye and the extreme periphery of the normal retina. Tschermak's explanation, even so far as he goes, is entirely unsatisfactory.] C. Hess. ' Weitere Untersuchungen iiber totale Farbenblindheit.' [The hypotheses put forward by von Kries in explanation of total colour blindness are not in accord with the facts. For (1) in uncomplicated cases there is no central blindness in the visual field. (2) There is a diminution of central sensi- tivity in the dark-adapted eye, as there is for normal eyes ; there is no- such diminution in bright-adaptation. (3) There is no long after-effect of stimulation. (4) The defects of vision in bright illumination cannot be accounted for by a high degree of local adaptation and a long-continued after-effect. (5) The patients' dislike of light tells against von Kries. And (6) the course of excitation after momentary stimulation is the same (colour apart) for the totally colour blind as for the normal eye ; not two bright phases (von Kries) but three are seen.] W. A. Nagel. ' Erklarung zu der vorstehenden und einer friiheren Arbeit von C. Hess iiber totale Farbenblindheit.' [The ' earlier work ' is the paper ' Bemerkungen zur Lehre von den Nachbildern und der totalen Farbenblindheit,' Arch. /. Augenheilk., xliv. Hess has misinterpreted and misrepresented von Kries' doctrines.] A. Samojloff. ' Einige Bemerkungen zu dem Aufsatze von Or. E. Storch : Ueber die Wahrnehmung musikalischer Tonver- haltnisse.' [Storch's statement that the memory-images of laryngeal adjustments are the substrate of all musical thinking is by no mean& new : cf. Lotze, Mliller, Strieker, Sturnpf. Storch's tone spiral had also been anticipated by Opelt, Drobisch and Mach.] Literatur- bericht. Not a very inspiring number ! Heft 3. M. von Frey und R. Metzner. 'Die Raumschwelle der Haut bei Successiv- reizung.' [Where the separate excitation of single pressure points is possible, adjoining points can always be recognised as different, under suitable conditions of experimentation, with successive stimulation. Dis- crimination is a function of the intensity of stimulus, and also of the interval elapsing between the two applications ; it is easiest when this- interval is about H sec. It cannot depend on local signs, in Lotze'a sense, since the given difference is always qualitative ; localisation may b& based upon this qualitative distinction, but is more difficult and uncertain..