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PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. 431 mechanical and faradic stimulation. The reference of the sensations to separate organs (von Frey) overlooks the causal interrelation of warmth perception and vasomotor changes. (3) I'nin x/^/.s. Distinction of the pain from the pain spots, and the pain from temperature and pressure stimuli. As regards the latter, " all sensory nerves seem to be pain- sensitive for certain stimuli". Mechanical stimulation of analgesic spots (seven expts.); faradisation of algesic and analgesic spots (two expts.). (4) Prexxiur #)>ot* are to be referred (von Frey) to the Meissner corpuscles and the nerve-skeins at the hair-bulbs ; pain spots to the free nerve-endings of the epidermis.] W. Churchill. ' Die Orien- tirung der Tasteindriicke an den verschiedenen Stellen der Korperober- fliiche.' [Systematic extension of E. H. Weber's experiments. The forms B, L, M, P, R, S and W were traced, in all four possible space-relations (reversed, upside down), upon various parts of the skin, and the observer recorded his spatial interpretation of the impression. The body fell into three principal regions of orientation : face (forehead, cheeks, chin) ; the anterior surface, from the neck down ; the whole posterior surface. The first region shows, as a rule, simple reversal : P is perceived as 1. The third gives correct orientation. The second shows three types of judg- ment : normal, reversed, and reversal with inversion. Experiments on blind subjects yield practically the same results. Theory of the phe- nomena, setting out from a schematic translation of the letters from an upright sheet before the face to the various parts of the body, and stress- ing the factor of the relative accessibility of the parts stimulated, by change from the normal carriage of the body.] E. von Hartmann. ' Die Finalit&t in ihrem Verhaltniss zur Causalitiit.' [Legitimates, against Konig, the place of the category of finality in the world of natural phenomena.] ABCHIV FUR SYSTEMATISCHE PHILOSOPHIE. N.F. Bd. ix., Heft 2. E. von Hartmann. ' Mechanismus und Vitalismus in der modernen Bio- logie.' [Mainly Historical. Passes in review J. Miiller, von Liebig, E. du Bois Raymond, Lotze, Fechner, Virchow and Rondfleisch, Wundt, von Baer, Bunge and Hamann, Kassowitz, Hertwig, Haacke, Weismann, Blit- schli, Eimer and Ziegler, Wolf, Driesch, J. Reinke, F. Reinke, Helmholtz, Hertz, and P. du Bois Raymond.] A. Goldeckemeyer. ' Das Wesen des Urteils.' [The main point urged is that only negative and mediate judgment are attended by that consciousness of necessary connexion which is essential to judgment in the strict sense. Positive judgments are not properly speaking judgments at all.] E. Wentscher. ' Phanom- enalisrnus undJRealismus.' [A defence of Kantian Phenomenalism against W. Freytag.J B. Weiss. ' Gesetze des Geschehens.' [E. Husserl critically reviews Bergmann's new edition of Die Grundprobleme der Logik.] RIVISTA FILOSOFICA. Anno iv., vol. v., Fasc. v., November- December. V. Alemanni. ' La filosofia di Pietro Ceretti.' [An account of a little- known Italian thinker, who proposed to substitute a self -developing consciousness as Absolute for the Idea of Hegel.] B. Varisco. ' Pensiero e realta (contine e fine).' [Renouvier's relativism might, on his own premisses, be developed into Epicurean atomism.] E. Groppali. 'II problema dell' origine e del fondamento intrinsico del diritto nelle opere del Romagnosi.' [While retaining the idea of Natural Law in jurispru- dence, Romagnosi rejected the idea of a social contract and of a ' natural ' man. The laws of Nature as originally instituted by a divine intelli- gence furnish a model for formulating the rule of right. The relations between man and Nature have to be studied and kept in view by the moralist : they are not invariable, but are subject to a gradual and orderly