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276 NEW BOOKS. better fitted for the working duties of life. The University " gives its students freedom to work or not as they please ". Between these two extremes comes the Middle School, and its fundamental pedagogic task must be to train its pupils to independent intellectual work. The further the pupils advance the deeper must be their feeling of responsibility. In this habituation to independent work and responsibility lies not only a sure guarantee that the scholars will learn, but also a moral influence of the highest importance. There can be no better endowment for a future career than habituation to regular work, and a sense of responsibility for its success. III. As the curriculum of these schools is practically fixed by the state, the teacher has no direct influence in deciding what the future clergymen, doctors, lawyers and teachers must learn. But he is chiefly responsible for the way in which the pupils go through the curriculum, and his judgment decides as to their fitness for a leaving certificate. It is because of his responsibility in deciding as to ripeness or unripeness that the teacher becomes an instrument of social selection. " The in- tellectual and moral development of the future generation will depend upon the conscientiousness and wisdom with which he performs this social selection." His social influence may also be shown in the manner and degree with which he inspires his pupils with the social spirit, and leads them to understand that every one of them is to-day born into a cultivated social organism. To this his life owes much, and therefore he is debtor for consecration of his time, ability and service to the public interest, and to social progress. JOHN EDGAR. Beitrdge zur Einfiihrung in die Geschichte der Philosophic. Von EUDOLF EUCKEN. Leipzig: Diirr'sche Buchhandlung, 1906. Pp. 192. Price 3s. 9d. This is a re-publication of the author's Beitrdge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophic which appeared in 1886. All the essays have been revised and brought up-to-date ; those on ' Trendelenburg ' and ' Parteien und Parteinamen in der Philosophic' have been changed considerably. Two altogether new essays are now added. The first, on ' Bayle and Kant,' shows that Bayle was not a pure Sceptic and never abandoned himself wholly to the doctrine of the ' relativity of truth,' but, on the contrary, shows affinities with Kant's critical philosophy. Thus, in his theoretical philosophy, he recognises to be inherent in reason many of those contradictions which Kant afterwards called the 'Antinomies,' though he did not, like Kant, supply a solution. In practical philosophy he is, like Kant, an opponent of Empiricism and Utilitarianism. The second new essay on ' Gedanken und Anregungen zur Geschichte der Philosophic ' suggests a number of points of view from which fresh light might be thrown on the history of philosophical systems (e.g. the influence of metaphors, technical formulae, parties and partisanship, etc. }. And above all, history must not be a mere collection of facts, but we must have a central principle to serve as connecting link and put all the facts in their proper light. This principle Eucken takes from his own philosophy, and in this connexion gives a short, but admirable and illuminating account of his own point of view (pp. 156-169) which dis- tinguishes a 'technical' and a 'personal' method in philosophy, and regards philosophy in the latter sense as concerned with the building- up of a spiritual reality. R. F. A. HOERNLE.