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282 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. specific and concrete situation. Criticism of Spencer, Bradley, and Royce.] J. GK Hibben. 'Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association : the fifth annual meeting, Emerson Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 27th to 29th December, 1905.' Discussion. A. W. Moore. ' Experience and Subjectivism.' [Reply to Fite.] Reviews of Books. Notices of New Books. Summaries of Articles. Notes. PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW. Vol. xiii., No. 1. W. A. Hammond. ' The Relations of Logic to Allied Disciplines.' [Historical sketch of the growth of logic as formal, metaphysical, and epistemological and methodological. Special problems : (1) Logic as science and as art. " It is the descriptive and explanatory aspect of logic that constitutes its scientific character, while it is the specific normative aspect that con- stitutes its logical character. . . . The actual methodology of the sciences is logic as art." (2) Logic and psychology are coordinate. (3) Logic is purely a science of evidential values, not a science of content, as are the natural sciences and metaphysics.] W. R. Wright. ' Some Effects of Incentives on Work and Fatigue.' [Ergographical experiments. More work is done when a task is set than when no definite aim is proposed. Known inability to fulfil prescribed conditions decreases the total work. Fatigue is less when a task is set, though the output of work is greater.] Discussion. I. King. 'The Problem of the Subconscious.' [The sub- conscious is not dim consciousness ; not something psychic, but not self-conscious ; it is rather a mass of physical (neural) dispositions, tensions, actual processes, which are in some degree organised, the remnants of habits and experiences which have either lapsed from consciousness or have never penetrated to the central plexus.] J. B Pratt. ' The Place and Value of the Marginal Region in Psychic Life.' [Ideation and sensation are small islands, bathed in the sea of vital feeling. This sea extends from the subconscious up to maximal differ- entiation, and is in a state of spontaneous turmoil, constantly throwing up products of all sorts on the shores of the clearer consciousness. It represents the primary form of consciousness ; gives value to life ; de- termines character and personality.] AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. xvii., No. 1. C. E. Browne. ' The Psychology of the Simple Arithmetical Processes : a Study of Certain Habits of Attention and Association.' [A study of the processes involved in addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division, both as written exercises and as mental arithmetic. As the title shows, the author lays chief emphasis upon the functions of association and of selective attention, though full introspective reports of imagery, feelings, etc., are included. In many cases the analysis can only be regarded as preliminary ; but the report is so detailed that future work may begin where the present study leaves off.] S. I. Franz. ' The Time of Some Mental Processes in the Retardation and Excitement of Insanity.' [Ex- periments on rate of tapping, simple and compound reactions, adding, discriminating and marking letters, etc. Excited patients show no con- sistent increase of speed as compared with normal or depressed patients : the maniacal condition is one of increased motor diffusion, not of increased motor ability. Retarded patients are slow at the beginning of all series, but the retardation is not regular. Retarded patients are susceptible to practice. Only in a few cases are the average variations greater for the insane than for normal subjects.] A. F. Chamberlain. ' Acquisition of Written Language by Primitive Peoples.' [A summary of what is known of the attempts of missionaries and others to enable certain American Indian peoples to read and write their own tongues.] C. E. Ferree.