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62 HENRY RUTGERS MARSHALL : phatically active quite apart from any emphasis of activity in the parts directly related to the environment. In other words we ought to expect to experience conditions represented by figure 2 below, which we may well call secondary reactions : -B- oo oooooo oo ooo ooooooo ooo oo oooo oo oo oo o oo oo oo OOO OOO O O OOO OOO OOO O' oo oo oo oo oo oo <j oo oooooo oo ooo oooooooooooo ooo 00 OO OOOOOO OO PIG. 2. It is perfectly clear that it would be absurd for us to de- scribe the neururgic pattern l symbolised in figure 2 as a copy, or reproduction, of that symbolised in figure 1. The primary reactions involve the secondary reactions ; but the secondary reactions do not necessarily involve the primary reactions. In no sense can the secondary reactions be said to be copies of the primary reactions. Sec. 7. Now when I perceive my friend before me I may represent the emphatic coincident activities of my nervous system by the darkened circles in figure 1. There is the heightened activity in the sensory minor system a, and this heightened activity spreads away into heightened activities in the closely related parts of the nervous system. The pre- sentation in this case we may well call a primary presentation. When I have the primary-memory-image of my friend the emphatic activities in the nervous system may be symbolised by all that is shown in figure 1, except the emphatic activity in the parts directly connected with the sense organ which is symbolised in the diagram by the large dark circle. And when I have to-day the so-called image of the face of my friend whom I saw yesterday, the emphatic activities in the nervous system may be symbolised by the darkened portions in figure 2. 1 Gf. my article " The Unity of Process in Consciousness," MIND, N.S., No. 44, pp. 479 ff.