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HEEBEET SPENCEE, The Principles of Sociology. 243 of social development. The orator, the poet, the actor, the dramatist, arise out of the ovations to living and departed kings and chiefs. " The great deeds of the hero-god, recited, chanted or sung, and mimetically rendered, naturally came to be supple- mented by details so growing into accounts of his life ; and thus the priest-poet gave origin to the biographer, whose narratives being extended to less sacred persons became secularised. Stories of the apotheosised chief or king, joined with stories of his com- panions and amplified by narratives of accompanying transactions, formed the first histories. And from these accounts of the doings of particular men and groups of men, partly true, but passing by exaggeration into the mythical, came the wholly mythical or fiction which then and always preserved the biographico-historical character. Add to which, that out of the criticisms and reflexions scattered through this personal literature an impersonal literature slowly emerged, the whole group of those products, having as their deepest root the eulogies of the priest-poet." Not only is the poet, the biographer, and the novelist an offshoot from the priestly class, but the man of science as well. The priest in order to extend his influence was stimulated to acquire know- ledge of natural actions and the properties of things. In this manner the priest became the primitive man of science, and also the primitive philosopher. His investigations into the nature of things led him to inquire into the causes of things and to con- struct a general conception of the world. The judge, the teacher, the architect, the painter, are all evolved from the priest. Every- where the process of professional evolution exhibits the same characteristics. Out of one primitive class there comes, by pro- gressive divergences, many classes. Each of these classes passes through the same developmental process as the parent class. The line of advance is always from an indefinite homogeneity to a definite heterogeneity. The part of Mr. Spencer's volume which deals with Professional Institutions is a very able piece of work. Criticism might be directed towards points of detail, but in deal- ing with the work of a writer who covers such a vast field we must be content and grateful when his fundamental contentions are correct. Industrial Institutions in their development follow the same line as Professional Institutions specialisation increases with the grow- ing complexity of industry. Mr. Spencer traces the process of specialisation in a masterly manner. In an admirable chapter on Compound Free Labour he very truly points out that the growth of the mechanical arts and of industrial organisation, while in some respects beneficial, is in other respects detrimental to the life and character of the artisan. The factory hand, in particular, loses heavily as a man. By the perfecting of machinery, more and more of his bodily powers are rendered superfluous. As the sphere of human agency is diminished the workman becomes more automatic. The monotonous attention required by his occupa-