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274 NEW BOOKS. One of the more interesting sections deals with the inversion in the emotional valuation (Gefuhlsivertung) of the Infinite which attended the decay of Greek thought : the transition from an ideal of order, form, de- limitation in thought, to one of something unknowable, transcendent, in- finite. Jewish influence strengthened this tendency, the very word in Hebrew for eternity ('oltlm) having evolved from its probable earlier signifi- cation of ' covered,' ' hidden'. Interesting also is the course of the mutual interaction of mystical speculation and the growth of exacter mathemati- cal concepts with respect to infinity. This attained, perhaps, its climax in the theosophy of Nicholas Cusanus. Not less worthy of note is the attitude towards the concept of infinity, as an attribute of the universe, of Galilei and his compeers whose investigations began to teach man, as Renan said, what Vinfini des choses really implied. But what is perhaps of greatest significance in the treatise is that, in confining himself to " Occidental thought," the author has had both the conscientiousness to say so and the modesty to deprecate his own want of familiarity with " Indological studies ". To this sounder perspective the work of Schopen- hauer, of Prof. Deussen and of Indianists is at length bringing the Western academical mind. C. A. F. RHYS DAVIDS. Die Freheitslehre bei Kant und Schopenhauer. Von DAVID NEUMARK. Hamburg and Leipzig : Voss, 1896. Pp. 89. The subject of free will, essentially Occidental and Media? val,might perhaps, to the benefit of philosophy, be handed over for a while to suffer many things at the hands of psychological, not to say physiological, analysis. But it would seem in Germany to survive with perennial vigour. The dissertation named above is but the first instalment of a trinity of essays. It has apparently been inspired by Schopenhauer's explanation of the reason why ancient philosophy did not make its own the problems of freedom of will and reality of the external world. The * inner connexion ' between the two, expressible in terms of the relation between subject and object, and determined by the conception of the law of causation, is the author's epistemological line of approach in comparing Schopen- hauer's doctrine of liberty with that of Kant. He gives three divisions : causality and liberty, liberty as the basis of morality, ' intelligible character '. C. A. F. RHYS DAVIDS. Die Formen de.r Familie und die Formen der Wirhchaft. Von ERNST GROSSE. London : Williams & Norgate, 1896. Pp. vi., 245. The distinctive merit of this work lies in the attempt to connect the forms of family life with economic conditions. The author distinguishes five phases of culture, using as a principle of division the varying mode of sub- sistence of different peoples. These are (1) the lower hunters, (2) the higher hunters, (3) the keepers of flocks and herds, (4) the lower agricul- turists, (5) the higher agriculturists. The relative position of husband and wife, etc., depends on the relative importance of the economic functions of men and women. It is only among the lower agriculturists that a matriarchate is found, and even among them it is exceptional. The book is highly interesting, though it seems to treat too lightly the work of Morgan and M'Clennan. RECEIVED also : J. S. Merz, A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century vol. L), Edinburgh and London, AVilliam Blackwood & Sons, 1896, pp. xiv., 458.