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410 CRITICAL NOTICES : object for five minutes, leave alone fifteen or thirty. Observant teachers know well the 'gazing' of young eyes which, so far from meaning attention, points to dreamy distraction and vacancy. As Mrs. Moore herself reminds us immediately afterwards, an older child's prolonged act of attention is supported by "continual changes " which the child himself induces in the object. Yet a student who felt repelled from Mrs. Moore's record by this and other illustrations of a want of the necessary scientific attitude of mind would lose much that is valuable. Many of the observations are new and interesting, and though they may have to be verified by other observers, they will certainly supply a new stimulus to child-study. I will rapidly go over some of the more important of these. There is a good series of observations on the development of the thumb-sucking habit. The experiments, viz., incasing each of the thumbs alternately and tying up both, were carefully carried out, and the results tabulated. This is a really careful piece of work (pp. 12, 13). Interesting, too, are the observations on the early use of the feet as tactile organs, supplementary to the hands. In the twenty-sixth week, we are told, " they invariably supple- mented the hands in feeling of (sic) objects, the hands grasped the object first, the feet then went up to feel of it. One hand, or one foot, rarely acted alone, though the movements were not sym- metrical " (p. 17). Mrs. Moore hardly explains why she rejected her first supposition that this use of the feet was a rudimentary instinct. Later on (p. 79) she remarks that the lips and the tongue were the first organs of active touch, the hands coming next, and lastly the feet. Other careful observations have to do with automatic movements, by which seem to be understood unconscious movements during sleep. The writer treats of these as secondary automatic, that is, as movements that had been acquired during the waking state. Thus she notes that the child in the thirty-second week began to roll in his crib during sleep, having previously learned to roll on the floor (p. 36). A new obser- vation, or rather sequence of observations, is forthcoming in the account of the early stages of voluntary movement (p. 23 ff.). On the fourth day the child if touched on the cheek turned his open mouth towards the side touched. This he could not do before. The explanation is that " each time that he was to be fed the child was laid in a certain position, and the nurse, taking his head between her hands, turned it slightly to one side in order to put his lips against the nipple ". On the fourth day he had gone through this experience about thirty times. This explana- tion sti-ikes me as exceedingly doubtful. The pressure of the nurse's hands ought surely to have set up, if it had set up any- thing, a tendency to a movement not towards, but away from the side touched. Nevertheless the suggestion that passive move- ments of head or limb induced by another may help to develop associated tendencies which are afterwards taken up into active