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NEW BOOKS. 433 judgment in the absence of sufficient reasons. For the development of these qualities it is as dangerous to leave those problems, which surpass the powers of the beginner, unmentioned, as it is to offer a solution in a. more or less authoritative way. The student should recognise that the limits of science do not coincide with the limits of his text-book, or with those of his present faculties ; biit the independence of his judgment should, above all, be respected. It is a great merit of Dr. Hofler's. Pgyckology, as well as of his Logic, to have kept both these principles constantly in view. As for the general philosophical and psychological standing-point of the author, it is sufficient to remark that the names of Brentano, Meinong, and Ehrenfels are those he especially quotes. G. HEYMANS. Schopenhauer and die indische Philosophic. Von Dr. MAX F. HECKER. Koln : Hiibscher & Teufel, 1897. Pp. 255. That the author of this most interesting essay should also show himself ignorant of " Indological studies " at first hand, that is to say, with two out of the three systems of thought he sets himself to compare together, is much to be deprecated. Holding that Schopenhauer is practically Brahmanical in his metaphysic, and Buddhistic in his ethic which is true only within certain limits he draws in outline a systematic parallel between these three doctrines under the main heads of Mysticism, Ethic, and Metaphysic and Asceticism. The exposition is for the most part so lucid and simple that the work will probably be read beyond the circle of select readers. But the lucidity and simplicity are, it is to be feared,, due in great measure to the over-restriction of the sources on which Dr. Hecker has drawn for his Oriental material. Prof. Deussen's System tli'x Vt'dnnta is, it is true, a host in itself, but our knowledge with regard to Buddhist philosophy is still too incomplete for any one to elicit a. reliable account of it in all points by borrowing solely, or practically so, from one small work, good as that is, like Prof. Oldenberg's Buddha. To quote only two instances : we have reproduced, of course uncritically, the latter's theory of an element of consciousness (vinnana) surviving at death, which is based on one ambiguously recorded episode in the Canon, and is opposed by other explicit utterances of Gotama. Again, a wider acquaintance with the results of Buddhist scholarship might have led the author to dwell less on egoism as the basis and obtuseness as the ideal of Buddhist ethics, and more on its " enthusiasm of humanity " and its missionary ardour ; while research into its original records might have suggested a possible coincidence with Schopenhauer's ethic of sympathy as based on his doctrine of identity. C. A. F. RHYS DAVIDS. (frundzuge der Psycholoyw. Von HERMANN EBBINGHAUS, Professor der Philosophic an der Universitat zu Breslau. Erster Halbband. Mit zahlreichen Figuren im Text. Leipzig : Verlag von Veit & Gomp., 1897. Pp. 320. This book is meant as an introduction to psychology ; but its aim is not to give a preliminary outline of the subject, but actually to introduce the reader into the serious and detailed study of psychological problems. Much stress is laid on experimental work, but the scope of the book is by no means limited to the results of experiment. It is to embrace the entire life of the individual mind from its lowest to its highest mani- festations. The part of the work already published contains about one- 28