Page:Mind (New Series) Volume 8.djvu/243

TIME AS BELATED TO CAUSALITY AND TO SPACE. 229 cause ". For causality is fundamentally, as has been seen, not the connexion of this or that event with another, but the necessary, and therefore universal and irreversible con- nexion of every event with some other event, its cause. The temporal connexion, that is the necessary relation of one moment with another, has really, therefore, by virtue of its abstraction from the concrete a complete universality which is lacking to any concrete connexion. The irre- versibleness of causal synthesis implies, further, another sort of necessity, an unequal relation between cause and effect. The member of a reversible series is equally depend- ent on every other member of the series, while any term of a succession is specifically dependent on what precedes. This relation of the phenomenal cause to its effect is really what is meant by the ' power ' of such a cause. Still another principle has to be distinguished from the axiom of causality, namely, the proposition : " The same cause always has the same effect ". Evidently this principle is of far-reaching use and application in empirical science, forming the basis of all reasoning about the unrecorded past and the untried future, but it is not at all a purely causal principle, since it involves a recognition of identity in the assumption that ' the same cause ' will recur, and since identity really is, as has been suggested, a transcendence of the whole standpoint of fact-multiplicity, not a unity ' of the manifold,' but rather a unity ' in spite of multiplicity '. V. EECIPBOCAL DETERMINATION. To discuss in detail the unity, reciprocal determination, of the revivable manifold would have led far beyond the limits of a self-respecting philosophical essay. The terms of the relation, concrete things and qualities, and abstract mathematical elements, differ, as has been shown, from events and from moments, by the fact that each possesses a kind of unity which these others lack, identity, and therefore permanence and recurrence. From this follows the feature which distinguishes the connexion of the reviv- able manifold from that of the irrevocable ; a reversibleness or reciprocal relation such that any one of the multiple may be taken as the starting-point. The reciprocally determined manifold is often treated as if completely equivalent with the spatial ; Kant states his third analogy of reciprocal determination, with express refer- ence to substances as co-existing in space ; 1 Schopenhauer 1 Op. e/f., A., 211; B.,.256.